滇池外海规模化控养水葫芦局部死亡原因分析

为了找出外海规模化控养水葫芦(E.crassipes)局部死亡的原因,于2013年8月对控养水域水葫芦空白对照区、健壮区、轻度枯死区以及重度枯死区的水质理化性质、蓝藻生物量及水生植物病理学等方面进行了比较研究。结果表明:轻度和重度枯死区蓝藻生物量高达(4.21±0.49)×109 cells/L和(757.00±19.00)×109 cells/L,均显著高于空白区和健壮区(0.14±0.09)×109 cells/L和(1.46±0.11)×109 cells/L(P0.05);NH+4-N浓度为11.44±0.02mg/L和369.87±15.37mg/L,均显著高于空白区和健壮区0.32±0.01mg/L和0.34±0.01mg/L(P0.05);轻度和重度枯死区溶氧仅1.40±0.13mg/L和0.30±0.04mg/L显著低于空白区和健壮区的7.70±0.83mg/L和6.80±0.97mg/L(P0.05);枯死区水体氧化还原电位(Eh)较低,重度死亡区水体Eh为-279.70±29.70mv显著低于其他3处水域。并且,通过对枯死水葫芦常规病理学检测,并未发现病变迹象。由此推断:水葫芦死亡原因可能主要由下风向种养区蓝藻过量堆积死亡,致使水质恶化,水体严重缺氧,进而引起水体NH+4-N浓度过高,最终导致水葫芦死亡。这为今后种养水葫芦进行水体生态修复理论研究与实践运用提供借鉴和参考,也为利用水葫芦作为蓝藻拦截带,在水葫芦影响下的湖泊营养物质迁移与氮、磷、碳循环动力学提出了新的研究内容。     

江苏省西部湖泊水环境演变过程与成因分析

根据江苏西部主要湖泊水环境质量实测数据,采用综合营养状态指数〔TLI(Σ)〕法对其富营养化程度进行综合评价,结果表明,目前江苏西部大部分湖泊处于富营养化状态.其中,白马湖富营养程度最低〔TLI(Σ)为45.16〕,处于中营养;玄武湖营养程度最高(61.93),属于中度富营养.洪泽湖和邵伯湖的水质为劣Ⅴ类,其他湖泊除白马湖外水质均处于Ⅳ～Ⅴ类之间.从近年江苏西部湖泊的水质变化看,只有骆马湖和玄武湖水质呈现转好的趋势,ρ(TN)和ρ(TP)有所下降.大部分西部湖泊水质呈恶化趋势,洪泽湖、高邮湖和固城湖ρ(TN)不断上升,邵伯湖和石臼湖ρ(TP)也不断上升.不同湖泊水环境变化的成因有所不同,洪泽湖水质受上游河流污染以及农业面源污染影响较大.由于江苏西部湖泊的地理、水文和环境条件的差异,不同湖泊存在不同的营养盐基准.相对于非过水性湖泊,洪泽湖等过水性湖泊的氮磷营养物基准相对较高.      

城市滨海湿地表层沉积物磷形态与相关关系分析

以九龙江口滨海湿地为例,采用连续提取法对沉积物中的磷进行连续提取和测定,探究城市滨海湿地表层沉积物中磷的生物可利用性,同时分析沉积物磷形态以及与环境参数的相关关系。结果表明：总磷（TP）含量为（456.34±13.13）mg·kg-1,生物可利用性磷（Bio-P）占TP59.46%;NaOH-P、HCl-P是TP的主要组成形态;NaOH-P是Bio-P的主要组成形态。相关性研究表明,沉积物中TP含量的增加主要来自NaOH-P,其次是HCl-P。NH4Cl-P、BD-P、NaOH-P、HCl-P之间未呈显著相关,其来源具有差异性。NaOH-P与pH显著负相关,与Fe、Al未呈显著相关;OP与有机质含量亦无显著相关。研究成果将为海域生态环境保护和城市滨海湿地环境恢复提供基础数据。     

改性硅藻土的制备、表征及其在富营养化水体除磷中的应用

利用吉林原土和FeCl3作为主要原料,制备应用于抑制湖泊富营养化的除磷材料—改性硅藻土,并利用物理吸附仪、扫描电镜、射线粉末衍射仪（XRD）等对改性硅藻土进行表征,此外,探讨了吸附时间、pH以及温度等对改性硅藻土除磷性能的影响。结果显示：（1）经改性后,硅藻土中Fe元素的含量有所增加,杂质含量则有所降低;微孔明显增多,孔径增大,表面负载一定量的颗粒物,粗糙度增大,比表面积较原硅藻土增大6倍。（2）在水体除磷应用中,当吸附时间达到20min时,吸附趋向平衡;在酸性条件下改性硅藻土的除磷效果好于碱性条件下的除磷效果;在25℃下改性硅藻土对磷的吸附能力较其他温度下强;（3）Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附方程都能较好地描述硅藻土对磷的等温吸附特征,用Freundlich吸附等温方程来描述改性硅藻土对水中磷的吸附更为准确。     

Survey and determination of Anzali wetland trophic state through geographic information systems (GIS)

The trophic state of the Anzali wetland was determined by nutrient analysis, indicating an alarming hypertrophic state. The Anzali wetland is environmentally and economically one of the most important ecosystems that is located in north-west Iran. This wetland was registered as a Ramsar site in September 1975, but due to many problems, particularly eutrophication created by excessive amounts of nutrients, it was registered in the Montreux record. This study was conducted for a year on 21 stations in three zones including receiving rivers, surface water and exiting rivers. Geographic information systems were used to better understand the prevailing situation. Analysis was conducted according to international standards and classification of OECD for freshwaters. The indicators used were levels of total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorous (TP), and the trophic state index (TSI). Data showed an increase of excess nutrients from domestic and agricultural sources, leading to human, cultural eutrophication processes rather than natural eutrophication.     

A two-dimensional numerical model for eutrophication in Baiyangdian Lake

Hydrodynamic, physical, and biochemical processes in the Baiyangdian Lake water environment were analyzed comprehensively. An eutrophication ecodynamics model including the effects of reed resistance on flow was coupled with the hydrodynamics governing equations. An improvement on the Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP, a modeling system introduced by the US Environmental Protection Agency) is established, which uses the zooplankton kinetic equation. The model simulates water quality constituents associated with eutrophication in the lake, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, nitrogen, phosphorus, dissolved oxygen, and others. Various kinetic coefficients were calibrated using measured data or information from relevant literature, to study eutrophication in the lake. The values calculated by the calibrated model agree well with field data, including ammonia nitrogen, total nitrogen, total phosphorus and dissolved oxygen. Changes related to nutrition and dissolved oxygen during the processes were simulated. The present model describes the temporal variation of water quality in Baiyangdian Lake with reasonable accuracy. Deviations between model-simulated and observed values are discussed. As an ideal tool for environmental management of the lake, this model can be used to predict its water quality, and be used in research to examine the eutrophication process.     

Phytoplankton dynamics and species diversity in a shallow eutrophic,natural mid-altitude lake in Himachal Pradesh (India): role of physicochemical factors

Rewalsar Lake, a mid-altitude, shallow and recreational water body located in the north-western Himalayas, Himachal Pradesh (India) was studied through monthly surveys in two consecutive years (March 2008 to February 2010). Forty-seven species belonging to seven groups of phytoplankton were identified from the lake. Microcystis aeruginosa and Synedra ulna exhibited a perennial habit. Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Chlorella vulgaris, Scenedesmus bijugatus, Chlamydomonas reinhardi, Eudorina elegans, Navicula cuspidate, Synedra ulna, Euglena acus, Euglena oxyuris, Spirulina gomontii, Oscillatoria princeps and Arthrospira khannae were abundant, and Oscillatoria limosa and Microcystis aeruginosa were highly abundant. Twenty-one important criteria were studied, for example, temperature, free carbon dioxide, biochemical oxygen demand, total alkalinity, nitrate, silicate and phosphate, which provide an idea of the portability of water for irrigation and drinking purposes as per the permissible limits given in World Health Organization, Indian Council of Medical Research and Indian Standards Institute standards. Pearson's correlation revealed a significant relationship between physicochemical parameters and different algal groups. Both plankton and chlorophyll a showed a bimodal pattern of fluctuation. High annual mean concentrations of chlorophyll a (mg L^?1) were recorded as 11.44 in 2008–09, and 11.04 in 2009–10. As per the Palmer pollution index, 13 pollution-tolerant algal species with a pollution score of 37 were observed. The Central Pollution Control Board categorised the water at Rewalsar Lake as ‘D–E’.     

Role of biologic components in a novel floating-bed combining Ipomoea aquatic,Corbicula fluminea and biofilm carrier media

A novel floating-bed incorporated with water spinach （Ipomoea aquatica）, Asiatic clam （Corbicula fluminea）, and carrier media supported biofilm was developed for eutrophic water purification. The contribu- tions of each biologic component to the removals of total nitrogen （TN）, total phosphorus （TP） and Chl.a were examined. The nutrient removals due to the direct uptake by either water spinach or Asiatic clam were less than 10%, suggesting a negligible role of biologic assimilation and leaving the biofilm as the indispensable biologic compo- nent in the floating-bed. Chl.a was reduced mainly by Asiatic clams via filter-feeding. Meanwhile, the digestion and excretion of Asiatic clams benefited the proliferation of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria, resulting in the improvement of TN removal. In summary, the synergetic effects of water spinach, Asiatic clams and biofilms would promote the eutrophic water treatment performance of floating-bed in comparison with the conventional floating- bed with vegetation as the single biologic component.     

两淮采煤沉陷积水区水体初级生产特征

在淮南潘谢矿区设置3个研究站点(PXPJ、PXGQ和PXXQ),在淮北朱-杨庄矿区内设置2个研究站点(HBZH和HBNH),于2012年和2013年分4个季度对两淮采煤沉陷积水区水体的初级生产力及碳(C)的形态特征进行了研究,其中C形态分溶解无机碳(DIC)、溶解有机碳(DOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC),并以此为基础分析了初级生产力与C形态及其它环境因子的相关关系.研究结果表明:受区域地理气候、水化学特征和矿区生态环境等方面影响,5个研究站点水体营养状态、初级生产力及C形态等存在着较大的跨度范围. 5个站点4个季度研究期间叶绿素a(Chla)浓度均值范围为3.7~71.5mg/m3,POC浓度均值范围为0.9~4.0mgC/L,总初级生产力(GPP)均值范围82.4~2305.4mgC/(m2?d), 淮南沉陷积水区水体营养状态和初级生产力明显高于淮北沉陷积水区.5个研究站点水体初级生产力和氮磷含量、Chla、DOC和POC具有显著的正相关性.最后根据研究结果针对性地提出了两淮矿区水生态区生态系统重建、恢复与保护的差别化原则.     

武汉东湖富营养化现状分析及治理对策

随着人口的增长和经济的快速发展,东湖的水环境污染日益严重,尤其以富营养化的危害最大。采用营养状态指数法,对武汉东湖十个湖区进行了富营养化评价,得出富营养化的水体占到整个面积的62.21%,中营养的水体占到37.79%。磷是东湖富营养化的主控因素,在明确水体中磷富集的主要原因是点源污染的前提下,分析了东湖现有治理措施和存在的问题,建议东湖富营养化的治理要因湖区而宜,在彻底控制点源污染的同时,结合生态建设,用人工湿地的方法控制面源污染,并对富营养化严重的湖区,采取底泥疏浚工程削减内源营养盐。在东湖富营养化治理的同时,必须加强对东湖的管理,健全环境立法,强化环境监督,将东湖污染的控制纳入法制化轨道。