GROUNDWATER FLOW SYSTEM ANALYSIS IN LAKE ENVIRONMENTS,WITH MANAGEMENT AND PLANNING IMPLICATIONS1

ABSTRACT. Evaluation of lakes as they are related to groundwater flow systems is of special concern prior to efficient development and planning operations. Both naturally occurring and artificially created lakes are being developed rapidly as recreational and residential areas. Simultaneously, field verification of theoretical groundwater flow system behavior has progressed to the point where hydrogeologists trained to understand basic concepts of flow-system analysis can begin to broaden their research and service base, and to work closer with planners, developers, and engineers. It is suggested that particular efforts be directed toward a greater evaluation of physical, chemical, and biological aspects of potentially developable lake sites to aid in selecting use patterns in accord with these factors. Many lake developments are not in harmony with the physical environment. The resulting misuse of resources is often expressed as accelerated eutrophication of lakes, or by quality degradation of shallow groundwater flow systems contiguous to them. Lakes can no longer be considered as separate entities. Methodology for investigating the interchange of surface and near-surface water is adequate however, the application of known interchange relationships is inadequate. .     

LAKE EUTROPHICATION–A NATURAL PROCESS1

Lake eutrophication is an economic, recreational, and aesthetic problem that affects every lake of the world. Eutrophication is the natural process of lake aging, and progresses irrespective of man's activities. Pollution, however, can hasten the natural rate of aging and shorten the life expectancy of a body of water. The eutrophication of a lake consists of the gradual progression from one life stage to another based on the degree of nourishment or productivity. The extinction of a lake is attributed to enrichment by nutritive materials, biological productivity, decay, and sedimentation. Presently used methods for retarding eutrophication are the abatement of cultural enrichment, treatment of eutrophic symptoms, and control of fundamental causes.     

WATER QUALITY TRENDS IN LAKE TOHOPEKALIGA,FLORIDA, USA: RESPONSES TO WATERSHED MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Water quality in eutrophic Lake Tohopekaliga, Florida, improved markedly from 1982 to 1992 as a result of reductions in phosphorus and nitrogen loading to the lake. Annual budgets of water, chloride, phosphorus and nitrogen were constructed for the lake, and indicate it is a sink for phosphorus and a source for nitrogen. Water column concentrations of total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, total nitrogen, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and chlorophyll a all declined as external inputs of nutrients decreased. Water column nitrogen: phosphorus ratios have increased, suggesting a probable shift from nitrogen- to phosphorus-limitation. This apparent shift in nutrient limitation status also is supported by comparisons of the mean Trophic State Indices for phosphorus, nitrogen, and chlorophyll a. These improvements in water quality are attributed to the diversion of wastewater treatment plant effluent from the lake, and the increased use of wet retention ponds for stormwater runoff.     

程海的环境问题及其管理对策探讨

程海水污染和富营养化程度日趋严重,ｐＨ值和氟化物浓度超过国家《地面水环境质量标准》Ｖ类,非离子氨和总磷浓度也较高,矿化度趋近咸水湖标准,湖水已达到富营养水平。然而,程海目前的水质仍主要由自然演化进程决定,ｐＨ值、氟化物和总磷浓度适宜分别控制在背景值９．１１￣９．３０之间、１．８８￣２．２３ｍｇ／Ｌ之间和０．０５８ｍｇ／Ｌ以下。程海是磷限制型,富营养化控制重点应放在入湖磷负荷上。目前程海最大的污染源     

韩国南汉河的浮游植物及营养水平

对韩国南汉河的浮游植物进行了周年的调查,结果显示,该河浮游植物的种类组成以绿藻为主,占总种类数的５１．４％,其次为硅藻和蓝藻,分别占总种类数的２６．７％和１２．４％,其它４门藻类共计仅发现１０种,占９．５％。细胞密度以蓝藻的贡献最大,占总细胞密度的３６％￣７０．７％,绿藻次之,硅藻居第三位。相反,蓝藻的生物量却远不及硅藻和绿藻,硅藻对总生物量的贡献最高时可达９３．７％。各站平均,浮游植物的细胞密度     

Eutrophication and algal blooms in channel type reservoirs: A novel enclosure experiment by changing light intensity

To explore eutrophication and algal bloom mechanisms in channel type reservoirs, a novel enclosure experiment was conducted by changing light intensity (LI) in the Daning River of the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR). Square enclosures (side 5.0 m) were covered on the surface with shading materials of different thickness, and with their bases open to the river. Changes and characteristics of the main eutrophication factors under the same water quality and hydrodynamic conditions but different LI were evaluated. All experimental water samples were neutral and alkalescent, with high nitrogen and phosphate concentrations, low potassium permanganate index, stable water quality, and different LI. At the same water depth, LI decreased with increasing shade material, while dissolved oxygen and water temperature were both stable. The growth peak of phytoplankton was with light of 345-4390 lux underwater or 558-7450 lux above the water surface, and water temperature of 25.6-26.5℃. Algae were observed in all water samples, accounting for 6 phylum and 57 species, with algal density changing frequently. The results showed that significantly strong or weak light was unfavorable for phytoplankton growth and the function together with suitable temperature and LI and ample sunshine encouraged algal blooms under the same water quality and hydrodynamic conditions. Correlation analysis indicated that algae reduced gradually lengthwise along water depth in the same enclosure while pH became high. The power exponent relationship between chlorophyll a (Chl-a) and LI was found by curve fitting, that is Chl-a = K(LI)ⁿ.     

应用生态系统模型研究淀山湖富营养化控制方案

由于淀山湖上游污染负荷以及周边污水的排放,淀山湖已经严重富营养化。通过建立淀山湖生态系统模型,基于大量现场实测数据,对生态系统模型进行率定和验证,并利用生态系统模型对淀山湖N,P营养盐时间变化规律和藻类生长演替进行了系统研究,对各污染负荷削减的富营养化控制方案的效果进行模拟。模拟结果显示:该生态模型较好地模拟了常规水质和藻类的动态变化;淀山湖污染负荷主要来自于上游负荷,削减上游负荷对水质改善效果明显好于其他污染源削减方案;削减上游负荷95%以上,才能有效抑制蓝藻水华;P对蓝藻生长的控制效果好于控制氮。     

挺水植物对湖泊水质数值模拟过程的影响

将environmental fluids dynamics code(EFDC)模型和CE-QUAL-ICM模型相结合,建立了内蒙古乌梁素海富营养化模型.在建模过程中,考虑挺水植物分布情况及其密度、高度、直径等形态指标,并将考虑挺水植物影响与未考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷模拟过程进行计算、对比、分析.结果表明,考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷浓度模拟值与实测值变化趋势基本一致,而未考虑挺水植物影响的氮磷浓度模拟值未能反映实测值的变化趋势,可见,湖泊挺水植物的存在对氮磷浓度的迁移转化起着关键的作用.同时,在模拟过程中明显提高了运算效率和模拟精度,表明考虑挺水植物影响的富营养化模型能够较好地反映湖区内某位置氮磷浓度的动态模拟结果,能够为湖泊管理部门提供一定的参考.     

广西钦州湾近岸海域“十一·五”期间营养盐变化趋势分析及污染控制重点

通过2006年-2010年N、P、Si数据分析广西钦州湾海域N、P、Si的变化趋势、富营养化状况以及限制因子。分析表明:钦州外湾DIN、DIP、SiO3-Si含量呈波浪形变化并有所下降,钦州外湾2006年-2010年均为贫营养,外湾海水水质良好。茅尾海DIN值含量较高,海域受到N的影响。茅尾海2006年-2010年为轻度～中度富营养。茅尾海属于磷中等限制富营养,磷酸盐仅表现为相对不足,仍然有爆发赤潮的危险。控制茅尾海富营养化的关键在于控制磷的入海量。     

富营养化评价的幂函数加和型普适指数公式

提出了一个用幂函数加和型表示湖泊富营养化评价的综合指数公式,并采用粒子群算法优化公式中的参数,得出优化后适用于多指标的富营养化综合评价的普适指数公式,该公式的特例也可作为单项指标的富营养化评价指数公式.将优化好的湖泊富营养化评价公式用于我国不同地域和不同类型的65个湖泊的实例评价.其评价结果与用修正卡森指数公式TSI.和我国营养状态指数公式TSI,及其它方法的评价结果基本一致,并与实况相符,从而为水体富营养化评价提供了一种新的有效途径.