富营养化驱动下西凉湖百年来生态系统演化轨迹

长江中下游浅水湖泊是区域社会可持续发展的重要自然资源,富营养化问题致使该地区湖泊发生草-藻转换,限制了湖泊生态系统服务的供给.湖泊环境问题是生态系统受外力长期胁迫的结果,湖泊生态治理与保护须充分了解系统的演化规律,但是相关认识受限于长期监测资料的缺失.为了厘清长江中下游地区典型草型湖泊生态系统演化轨迹,更有效管理受损湖泊,选择西凉湖为研究对象,利用沉积记录代用指标粒度、元素和硅藻等,在高分辨率放射性核素定年的基础上,分析了近150年来西凉湖生态系统的演变规律.结果表明,西凉湖在20世纪40年代之前水体清澈,营养水平较低,沉水植物相对较少;而20世纪40年代以后,人类活动逐渐增强导致湖泊营养水平升高,水生植被增多;硅藻群落结构逐渐由浮游硅藻组合向底栖和附生硅藻组合演替,同时沉积物营养不断增加,表明以流域土地利用方式改变、围垦和渔业养殖等为代表的人类活动深刻改变了湖泊生态系统结构.研究认为虽然湖泊营养在20世纪70代之后一直维持在较高水平,达到富营养化标准,但沉水植被的生长限制了湖泊藻类浓度,西凉湖并未藻类暴发.同时也发现外源营养的增加通过湖泊初级生产者深刻影响了湖泊的地球化学循环,造成了...     

The Shallow‐Water Component of the Chesapeake Bay Environmental Model Package

The shallow‐water component of the Chesapeake Bay Environmental Model Package emphasizes the regions of the system inside the 2‐m depth contour. The model of these regions is unified with the system‐wide model but places emphasis on locally significant components and processes, notably submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), sediment resuspension, and their interaction with light attenuation (Ke). The SAV model is found to be most suited for computing the equilibrium distribution of perennial species. Addition of plant structure and propagation are recommended to improve representation of observed trends in SAV area. Two approaches are taken to examining shallow‐water Ke. The first compares observed and computed differences between deep‐ and shallow‐water Ke. No consistent difference in observations is noted. In the preponderance of regions examined, computed shallow‐water Ke exceeds computed deep‐water Ke. The second approach directly compares Ke measured in shallow water with modeled results. Model values are primarily lower than observed, in contrast to results in deep water where model values exceed observed. The shortfall in computed Ke mirrors a similar shortfall in computed suspended solids. Improved model representation of Ke requires process‐based investigations into suspended solids dynamics as well as increased model resolution in shallow‐water regions.     

抑制浮萍生长的水动力条件试验与湖库流场数值模拟

为利用水库补水产生的水动力改善水体水质,抑制浮萍生长,以红领巾水库为研究对象,通过试验确定抑制浮萍生长的水流流速,用数值模拟方法预测不同补水口位置、数量及不同补水流量情况下水库的流场分布,以使抑制浮萍生长的水流流速所占水域面积最大。结果表明:0.13 m/s以上的水流流速可抑制浮萍的生长;当补水量为2×10~4m~3/d时,补水口位置对流场分布无显著影响,但补、出水口相距越远越有利于改善水质;补水口数量对流场分布的影响较小,较佳的补水口数量为2个;增加补水量对抑制浮萍生长的作用不显著;设置潜水循环泵人为强化水流流动对抑制浮萍生长的作用显著。     

深圳荔枝湖富营养化综合治理工程效果研究

分析和比较了深圳荔枝湖综合治理工程运行9个月内不同湖区水体的叶绿素a、总磷、总氮及透明度的变化,探讨了综合治理工程对城市富营养化湖泊荔枝湖的水质改善情况.结果表明,治理工程运行期间全湖湖水营养水平控制在较低水平(总磷＜0.1 mg·L-1,总氮＜1.5 mg·L-1),四湖区藻类水平北湖区(16.77μg·L-1)和东湖区(21.45μg·L-1)较低,南湖区(35.83μg·L-1)、西湖区(32.69μg·L-1)相对较高,全湖水体透明度提高(全湖平均＞0.5 m);治理工程将湖水水质由劣Ⅴ类改善为Ⅳ类,由重富营养化水平改善为富营养化水平.     

Effects of bacteria on nitrogen and phosphorus release from river sediment

To better understand the mechanisms of eutrophication,we addressed the microbial processes that influence many key aspects of water-sediment systems.In this study,a large column experiment was conducted for 30 d.Along the column,solution samples were collected at different locations at different time.The samples were analyzed for physical,chemical,and biological properties of the sediment and oveflying water.The results showed that the amount of nitrogen transforming bacteria was higher than than that of phosphorous bacteria.The amount of nitrogen transforming bacteria was in the orderammonitier＞denitrifying bacteria＞nitrobacteria and nitrosomonas.Principal component analysis indicared that the three main factors accounted for more than 90%overall contributions for bacterium growth,which represented nutrition,organics and oxygen,and pH and redox potential(Eh)of the environment.Corresponding to the bacteria,the concentrations of nitrogen in the system was in the orderammonia(NH4 -N)＞nitrate(NO3--N)＞nitrite(NO2--N),The fluxes of N and P clearly showed a temporal release and adsorption processes in the water-sediment system.The large magnitude of N fluxes suggested that N might act as an important contamination source for the water quality.However,P exchange between the sediment and overlying water was less intensive during the experiment.     

东昌湖水体富营养化评价及N、P平衡研究

通过对东昌湖2005年水质监测数据的分析,采用卡尔森指数法对东昌湖水体的富营养化水平进行了评价,发现东昌湖水体处于中-富营养化水平。对东昌湖水体富营养化的主要影响因子N、P的平衡研究结果表明：东昌湖N输入量为7．35t,／a,P输入量为1．47t/a,主要来源于随外界输水进入;N和P输出量分别为6．44t／a和0．88t／a,截留率分别为12．4％和39．9％。根据东昌湖N、P平衡,建议采用生物控制模式防止东昌湖水体富营养化的加剧。     

Land Use and Climate Variability Amplify Carbon,Nutrient, and Contaminant Pulses: A Review with Management Implications

Nonpoint source pollution from agriculture and urbanization is increasing globally at the same time climate extremes have increased in frequency and intensity. We review >200 studies of hydrologic and gaseous fluxes and show how the interaction between land use and climate variability alters magnitude and frequency of carbon, nutrient, and greenhouse gas pulses in watersheds. Agricultural and urban watersheds respond similarly to climate variability due to headwater alteration and loss of ecosystem services to buffer runoff and temperature changes. Organic carbon concentrations/exports increase and organic carbon quality changes with runoff. Nitrogen and phosphorus exports increase during floods (sometimes by an order of magnitude) and decrease during droughts. Relationships between annual runoff and nitrogen and phosphorus exports differ across land use. CH₄ and N₂O pulses in riparian zones/floodplains predominantly increase with: flooding, warming, low oxygen, nutrient enrichment, and organic carbon. CH₄, N₂O, and CO₂ pulses in streams/rivers increase due to similar factors but effects of floods are less known compared to base flow/droughts. Emerging questions include: (1) What factors influence lag times of contaminant pulses in response to extreme events? (2) What drives resistance/resilience to hydrologic and gaseous pulses? We conclude with eight recommendations for managing watershed pulses in response to interactive effects of land use and climate change.     

壳聚糖改性铝污泥对铜绿微囊藻的絮凝去除

采用给水厂副产物铝污泥代替黏土作为下沉载体,利用壳聚糖改性,将其用于铜绿微囊藻的絮凝去除.结果表明,壳聚糖与铝污泥以1：50的质量比复合改性后除藻效果明显提高：对于藻密度约为4.88×10⁶cells/mL的含藻水,当改性铝污泥最佳投加量为0.25g/L,30min后藻密度和浊度去除率分别达到100%和98.92%,形成的絮体完整紧实,分形维数值为1.719.通过Zeta电位、SEM等表征分析,此过程主要依靠壳聚糖、铝污泥及藻类之间的"电性中和"与"吸附架桥"等的作用,混凝絮凝过程快速高效且投加量小,最佳环境pH值介于7~9.5,外加NaCl、CaCl₂在离子强度较低情况下基本不影响絮凝沉淀过程.加之铝污泥对水体中的磷具有良好的吸附作用,因此壳聚糖改性铝污泥对淡水水体中铜绿微囊藻的去除及生长抑制具有良好的效果,实现了"以废治污".     

隔河岩水库水质富营养化状况调查及评价

隔河岩水库位于湖北省境内长江支流清江上，是湖北省重点保护的水源地和旅游胜地。根据1992—2000年间隔河岩水库的水质监测数据，对隔河岩水库的水质现状进行分析发现，隔河岩水库中的总氮浓度、BOD5浓度和CODMn浓度均呈现逐年增加的趋势。此外，还建立了隔河岩水库的富营养化评价标准，用该标准对隔河岩水库的富营养化现状进行评价后得到以下结论：隔河岩水库的总磷、透明度、叶绿素a、CODMn和BOD5这五项指标均处于贫营养状态和贫—中营养状态，只有总氮浓度在各个断面都超过了富营养化标准，这与隔河岩水库库区的农业面源污染较为严重有关。总体来看。隔河岩水库的水质状况良好，库区水质基本属于贫—中营养状态，其营养状态是磷控制型的。     

大气湿沉降对营养盐向长江口输入及水域富营养化的影响

通过对收集资料的分析,初步探讨了大气湿沉降对营养盐向长江口输入及其富营养化的影响。结果表明长江口区降水中无机氮浓度从上世纪90年代开始呈增长的趋势,到90年代后期又有所下降,但仍保持较高的水平.长江口湿沉降的营养盐年输入通量远小于河流,但短期输入通量很大.降水过程本身可形成很重要的非点源污染,加速水域短期富营养化,此外降水会改变表层的营养盐结构、盐度、pH等,进而影响到水域生物的群落结构.随着城市化的不断发展,长江三角洲地区降水增加,暴雨出现日数增多,降水对河口水域富营养化的短期效应更加突出,应引起广泛关注.