几种区域土壤重金属污染评价方法的比较研究

根据昆山市2 km×2 km网格土壤采样重金属测试数据,选取As、Cd作为代表元素,以地累积指数为污染指数,运用简单数理统计、正态模糊数与核密度估计对区域土壤重金属总体污染程度进行了评价,系统比较了不同评价方法的结果差异.结果表明:评价的便捷性上,3种方法的排序是简单数理统计正态模糊数法≥核密度估计;结果的准确性上,与简单数理统计相比,正态模糊数法和核密度估计能较敏感地显示研究区域分布极少的污染等级区域,3种方法下研究区As总体污染评价的平均地累积指数相对于参照值的偏差分别为19.2%、19.2%、15.4%,Cd的分别为14.3%、14.3%、10.7%,准确度排序为核密度估计正态模糊数法=简单数理统计,结果所包含信息的全面性上,为正态模糊数法核密度估计=简单数理统计,应用正态模糊数法评价能得到表征总体污染程度的区间数,核密度估计与简单数理统计只能得出唯一值.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.     

2006年1-2月国内环境事件

简要统计了2006年1-2月国内发生的各种环境事件59起,包括沙尘天气2起,污染事件33起,地震7起,山体滑坡和泥石流3起,以及其他自然灾害14起.最后对环境污染进行了讨论.     

2006年7-8月国内环境事件

简要统计了2006年7-8月国内发生的各种环境事件218起,包括污染事件46起,地震20起,山体滑坡和泥石流41起,虫害12起,旱灾10起,以及其他自然灾害89起.对污染和自然灾害进行了讨论.     

2005年5-6月国内环境事件数据

简要统计了2005年5-6月国内发生的各种环境事件220起,包括沙尘天气13起,污染事件46起,山体滑坡和泥石流38起,地震2起,虫害11起,旱灾13起以及其他自然灾害97起.最后对统计结果进行了讨论.     

2005年9-10月国内环境事件数据

简要统计了2005年9-10月国内发生的各种环境事件73起,包括沙尘天气1起,污染事件28起,地震8起,虫害2起,山体滑坡和泥石流15起,以及其他自然灾害19起.最后对统计结果进行了讨论.     

2011年11-12月国内环境事件

简要统计了2011年11—12月国内发生的各种环境事件98起,包括沙尘天气2起,污染事件20起,地震48起,山体滑坡和泥石流13起,旱灾2起以及其他自然灾害13起。     

安全统计学的创建及其研究

基于安全科学、系统科学和统计学原理,提出安全统计学定义,并分析其内涵。从统计研究的侧重点、安全系统统计范围、典型行业安全统计、具体统计对象和统计指标等方面构建安全统计学的分支体系,并阐述各分支体系主要研究内容。通过对安全统计学的研究方法和分析方法的比较,得出不同方法的优缺点和适用性。最后,就行业安全统计学、伤亡事故统计学、自然灾害统计学、职业健康安全统计学、安全经济统计学和安全社会统计学进行实践研究,阐述安全统计学的研究内容及发展方向。     

The Regionalization of National‐Scale SPARROW Models for Stream Nutrients1

Schwarz, Gregory E., Richard B. Alexander, Richard A. Smith, and Stephen D. Preston, 2011. The Regionalization of National‐Scale SPARROW Models for Stream Nutrients. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1151‐1172. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00581.x Abstract: This analysis modifies the parsimonious specification of recently published total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP) national‐scale SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes models to allow each model coefficient to vary geographically among three major river basins of the conterminous United States. Regionalization of the national models reduces the standard errors in the prediction of TN and TP loads, expressed as a percentage of the predicted load, by about 6 and 7%. We develop and apply a method for combining national‐scale and regional‐scale information to estimate a hybrid model that imposes cross‐region constraints that limit regional variation in model coefficients, effectively reducing the number of free model parameters as compared to a collection of independent regional models. The hybrid TN and TP regional models have improved model fit relative to the respective national models, reducing the standard error in the prediction of loads, expressed as a percentage of load, by about 5 and 4%. Only 19% of the TN hybrid model coefficients and just 2% of the TP hybrid model coefficients show evidence of substantial regional specificity (more than ±100% deviation from the national model estimate). The hybrid models have much greater precision in the estimated coefficients than do the unconstrained regional models, demonstrating the efficacy of pooling information across regions to improve regional models.     

Stationarity of Streamflow Records and Their Influence on Bankfull Regional Curves1

Haucke, Jessica and Katherine A. Clancy, 2011. Stationarity of Streamflow Records and Their Influence on Bankfull Regional Curves. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6):1338–1347. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00590.x Abstract: Bankfull regional curves, which are curves that establish relationships among channel morphology, discharge, drainage area, are used extensively for stream restoration. These curves are developed upon the assumption that streamflows maintain stationarity over the entire record. We examined this assumption in the Driftless Area of southwestern Wisconsin where agricultural soil retention practices have changed, and precipitation has increased since the 1970s. We developed a bankfull regional curve for this area using field surveys of bankfull channel performed during 2008‐2009 and annual series of peak streamflows for 10 rivers with streamflow records ranging from the 1930s to 2009. We found bankfull flows to correlate to a 1.1 return period. To evaluate gage data statistics, we used the sign test to compare our channel morphology to historic 1.5 return period discharge (Q_1.5) for five time periods: 1959‐1972, 1973‐1992, 1993‐2008, 1999‐2008, and the 1959‐2008 period of record. Analysis of the historic gage data indicated that there has been a more than 30% decline in Q_1.5 since 1959. Our research suggests that land conservation practices may have a larger impact on gaging station stationarity than annual precipitation changes do. Additionally, historic peak flow data from gages, which have records that span land conservation changes, may need to be truncated to represent current flow regimes.