高质量绿色发展形势下环境统计的问题与建议

环境统计是环境保护的一项重要基础性工作。推动我国经济实现高质量绿色发展,更需要调整和建立新的环境统计指标体系,科学衡量中国经济增长的质量,评判中国经济增长的短板。本文在回顾国内外环境统计发展历程的基础上,针对当前高质量绿色发展形势,分析了环境统计工作中存在的统筹制度缺乏、统计指标不完善、统计数据质量不高、统计体系法律法规不健全等问题。最后从完善环境统计方法体系、建立监测统计数据收集和审核机制、建立和完善环境投资统计体系三方面提出有针对性的对策与建议。本文可为完善我国环境统计制度和政策、提高环境统计科学准确性提供决策支持,为推动我国经济向高质量绿色化发展奠定坚实基础。     

高校自动排课系统的设计与实现

高校的排课工作一直是教学管理中一项重要而复杂的工作,拥有大量的约束条件,根据不同的实际情况也有着复杂的特殊性.高校自动排课系统不仅能够提高教学管理人员的工作效率,也可以大大提高排课的科学性和可靠性.     

Identification of trace element sources and associated risk assessment in vegetable soils of the urban-rural transitional area of Hangzhou, China

In the urban-rural transitional area of Hangzhou, China, 74 topsoil samples were collected from vegetable fields to measure the contents of arsenic (As), copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn). The combination of multivariate statistical and geostatistical methods successfully separated the contaminating elements (As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) from uncontaminated elements (Co, Cr, Ni and Mn). A significant correlation was found between these uncontaminated elements and total Al2O3, Fe2O3, and SiO2 of the soils, indicating that the source of these elements was mainly controlled by soil-forming factors. On the other hand, these contaminating elements showed relatively weaker correlation and higher spatial variability, indicating that their enrichment and spatial heterogeneity were mostly affected by anthropic inputs. Through the pollution evaluation, it was found that only 30.8% of the study area did not suffer from moderate or severe pollution.     

环境统计与排污许可衔接的工业源排放核算研究

环境统计面临依据排污许可数据估算工业污染排放总量的挑战.以某市4个行业6类污染物的排放数据为案例,讨论了在非重点源污染排放量估算问题上衔接排污许可和环境统计的可行性和存在的问题.研究结果表明:排污许可重点管理单位与环境统计重点调查单位存在显著差异,不能采用比率估算方法估算工业非重点源排污量;排污许可简化和登记管理单位排...     

重金属污染场地修复技术的专利计量分析

为探明国内重金属污染场地技术的发展现状,通过筛选和计量分析国家知识产权局综合服务平台的数据库和中国知识资源综合数据库等数据源中2002—2019年申请并公开的重金属污染场地修复技术专利,研究了我国重金属污染场地技术的专利发展现状。结果表明,国内重金属污染场地修复技术的专利发展可分为4个阶段,2013—2017年发展迅猛,平均增长率为66项·a⁻¹,2018年至今发展渐缓;全国区域范围内,江苏省、北京市、广东省、湖南省的专利数量占据优势,镉、铬、铜、铅、锌的污染场地修复技术发展比较成熟。根据技术类型,分析了各项技术的发展趋势,并综合适用对象范围、研究机构数量、公开专利数量及年份变化趋势等进行了评估,结果表明,发展比较好的修复技术包括固化/稳定化修复技术、淋洗修复技术和物理修复技术。其中,固化/稳定化修复技术的主体地位优势仍然十分明显,研究重点逐渐倾向于以废治废,降低药剂成本,实现绿色修复。     

污水厂活性污泥荧光物质的温度敏感性

三维荧光分析污泥具有简单、直观和信息量大等优点,如果能找到一种敏感且与污泥联系密切的荧光物质,就能分析图谱波峰变化趋势得出污泥活性的信息。利用三维荧光技术对不同污水厂活性污泥荧光物质的温度敏感性进行研究。多次采集4个污水厂曝气池活性污泥并提取荧光物质,通过荧光图谱波峰变化、方差分析和代表物质荧光强度分别发现：1）胞内有机物质IOM、紧密结合型胞外聚合物TB-EPS、松散型胞外聚合物LB-EPS、溶解性有机物DOM对外界温度敏感程度不同,四类物质对外界温度变化敏感性排序是TB-EPS > IOM > LB-EPS > DOM。2）4个污水厂DOM腐殖酸的荧光强度大小顺序为：难降解污水厂（SAW）> 县城污水厂（HY）> 城市污水厂（SIW、WW）。通过敏感性物质变化趋势和腐殖酸荧光强度指示污水厂活性污泥状态,从而对污水厂运行提供技术指导。     

中国环境空气苯系物类挥发性有机物监测能力现状分析

为了解和评价中国环境空气挥发性有机物(VOCs)的监测能力和技术水平,以量化的手段评估环境空气VOCs监测数据质量,促进实验室质量管理水平提升,笔者以环境空气VOCs中的苯系物为代表,组织31个省、自治区、直辖市216家各级各类生态环境检验检测机构开展了实验室比对,利用稳健统计技术分析评价实验结果.结果表明:环境空气苯...     

与我国环境管理对接的大气污染源排放清单分析

环境管理与大气污染源清单对接的基础是环境管理数据体系。选取京津冀大气污染传输通道"2+26"城市中的14个城市实施访谈与问卷调查,普遍认为大气污染源清单的主要用途为大气污染应急、预警以及污染源解析,但由于环境统计、污染源监测和排污许可三大环境管理数据体系差异较大,导致环境管理数据的行业和工艺过程针对性不强,无法满足污染源清单的需求。造成该问题的主要原因在于基层生态环境部门技术储备不足、污染源信息分散以及数据管理任务分工不明确。促进环境管理与大气污染源清单的对接,重点在于污染源数据定期更新和环境管理数据的一体化,应着重形成多部门数据共享、全面和全过程环境管理以及人才和技术保障机制。     

Weighted Regressions on Time,Discharge, and Season (WRTDS), with an Application to Chesapeake Bay River Inputs1

Hirsch, Robert M., Douglas L. Moyer, and Stacey A. Archfield, 2010. Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS), With an Application to Chesapeake Bay River Inputs. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 46(5):857-880. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00482.x Abstract: A new approach to the analysis of long-term surface water-quality data is proposed and implemented. The goal of this approach is to increase the amount of information that is extracted from the types of rich water-quality datasets that now exist. The method is formulated to allow for maximum flexibility in representations of the long-term trend, seasonal components, and discharge-related components of the behavior of the water-quality variable of interest. It is designed to provide internally consistent estimates of the actual history of concentrations and fluxes as well as histories that eliminate the influence of year-to-year variations in streamflow. The method employs the use of weighted regressions of concentrations on time, discharge, and season. Finally, the method is designed to be useful as a diagnostic tool regarding the kinds of changes that are taking place in the watershed related to point sources, groundwater sources, and surface-water nonpoint sources. The method is applied to datasets for the nine large tributaries of Chesapeake Bay from 1978 to 2008. The results show a wide range of patterns of change in total phosphorus and in dissolved nitrate plus nitrite. These results should prove useful in further examination of the causes of changes, or lack of changes, and may help inform decisions about future actions to reduce nutrient enrichment in the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed.     

Use of stochastic patch occupancy models in the California red-legged frog for Bayesian inference regarding past events and future persistence

Assessing causes of population decline is critically important to management of threatened species. Stochastic patch occupancy models (SPOMs) are popular tools for examining spatial and temporal dynamics of populations when presence–absence data in multiple habitat patches are available. We developed a Bayesian Markov chain method that extends existing SPOMs by focusing on past environmental changes that may have altered occupancy patterns prior to the beginning of data collection. Using occupancy data from 3 creeks, we applied the method to assess 2 hypothesized causes of population decline—in situ die-off and residual impact of past source population loss—in the California red-legged frog. Despite having no data for the 20–30 years between the hypothetical event leading to population decline and the first data collected, we were able to discriminate among hypotheses, finding evidence that in situ die-off increased in 2 of the creeks. Although the creeks had comparable numbers of occupied segments, owing to different extinction–colonization dynamics, our model predicted an 8-fold difference in persistence probabilities of their populations to 2030. Adding a source population led to a greater predicted persistence probability than did decreasing the in situ die-off, emphasizing that reversing the deleterious impacts of a disturbance may not be the most efficient management strategy. We expect our method will be useful for studying dynamics and evaluating management strategies of many species.