HotellingT^2检验方法在水质监测数据评价中的应用

一般用ｔ检验和方差分析对水质监测中多项指标进行评价分析,有是会得不到确切的结果。应用多元统计分析中ＨｅｔｅｌｌｉｎｍｇＴ＾２检验法进行分析得到了满意结果。以两个年度水质监测５项指标的监测数据为例,同时用ｔ检验和ＨｅｌｔｅｌｌｉｎｇＴ＾２检测进行评价分析,结果表明,ＨｅｔｅｌｌｉｎｇＴ＾２检验具有更好的实用性和合理性。     

Design and Testing of a Turbulence Probe for Harsh Flows

The force of wind on the ground created by turbulent eddies is commonly used to describe the horizontal flux of material during wind erosion. Here we present the Murdoch Turbulence Probe, an instrument for use in both clean and eroding flows which uses pressure differences to measure the three components of wind velocity. Correlation techniques calculate the forces near the ground and turbulence statistics in nearly real time, including turbulent velocity fluctuations from less than 0.1 Hz to 200 Hz, mean flow velocities, Reynolds stresses as well as the integral length and time scales. In the portable wind-tunnel used by Agriculture Western Australia, turbulence statistics were recorded over stable surfaces and in blowing sand from the initiation of erosion up to the time the sand supply was exhausted. Estimates of the friction velocity derived from the turbulence probe were compared with estimates obtained from the wind speed profile measured with a rake of pitot and static tubes. The Murdoch Turbulence Probe appears to work well in sandblasting conditions. Relative turbulence intensities ranged from 0.11 to 0.2 and are in close agreement with values in the literature. The ratio of the turbulence to the friction velocity (3 to 3.2) is at the high end of the reported range. The Reynolds stress measurements agree closely with predictions of the threshold friction velocities of the sand and estimates from the wind speed profile with a von Kármán constant of about 0.3, lower than the commonly accepted value of 0.4. We suggest that the wind-tunnel profile represents the `outer layer' of the boundary-layer that may best be described by a `Wake Law' or `Defect Law'. At about 54 mm above the surface, the friction velocity decreases from 0.64 m/s to 0.39 m/s and the mean velocity increases from 9.6 m/s to 11.6 m/s as the supply of sand is depleted. In addition to the friction velocity, other scales may be necessary to characterise the overriding effect of the wind and in extending wind-tunnel results to the field.     

Analysis of composite sampling data using the principle of maximum entropy

A new tool is presented based on the principle of maximum entropy for enhanced hot spot detection based on composite sampling with no (or minimal) requirement for composite breakdown. The methodology presented here is easy to implement and facilitates the use of multiple criteria for evaluating attainment of site remediation objectives. The new methodology provides very simple decision rules that can easily be used by non-statisticians and complements the use of composites for control of residual mean concentrations.     

Interpreting beta‐diversity components over time to conserve metacommunities in highly dynamic ecosystems

The concept of metacommunity (i.e., a set of local communities linked by dispersal) has gained great popularity among community ecologists. However, metacommunity research mostly addresses questions on spatial patterns of biodiversity at the regional scale, whereas conservation planning requires quantifying temporal variation in those metacommunities and the contributions that individual (local) sites make to regional dynamics. We propose that recent advances in diversity‐partitioning methods may allow for a better understanding of metacommunity dynamics and the identification of keystone sites. We used time series of the 2 components of beta diversity (richness and replacement) and the contributions of local sites to these components to examine which sites controlled source‐sink dynamics in a highly dynamic model system (an intermittent river). The relative importance of the richness and replacement components of beta diversity fluctuated over time, and sample aggregation led to underestimation of beta diversity by up to 35%. Our literature review revealed that research on intermittent rivers would benefit greatly from examination of beta‐diversity components over time. Adequately appraising spatiotemporal variability in community composition and identifying sites that are pivotal for maintaining biodiversity at the landscape scale are key needs for conservation prioritization and planning. Thus, our framework may be used to guide conservation actions in highly dynamic ecosystems when time‐series data describing biodiversity across sites connected by dispersal are available.     

北京市公共场所室内甲醛浓度水平分析

为了解北京市公共场所室内甲醛污染水平及影响因素,在工作日和周末上下午对北京市内家具市场、综合商场和服装批发市场3类公共场所不同功能区的室内甲醛浓度进行监测和分析。结果表明:家具市场中包含木质家具的功能区甲醛浓度最高;服装批发市场中包含外贸针织功能区的甲醛浓度最高;综合商场中包含化妆品功能区的甲醛浓度最高;服装批发市场和家具市场整体的甲醛浓度已超过《商场(店)、书店卫生标准》(GB 9670—1996)规定的限值0.12mg/m3。3类公共场所甲醛点位超标率服从显著性水平p0.05的χ2双侧检验,具有统计学意义。长期暴露在服装批发市场和家具市场内的工作人员和顾客,可能存在健康风险,应对家具市场、服装批发市场的甲醛污染进行控制。     

Trends in Rainfall Exceedances in the Observed Record in Selected Areas of the United States1

Bonnin, Geoffrey M., Kazungu Maitaria, and Michael Yekta, 2011. Trends in Rainfall Exceedances in the Observed Record in Selected Areas of the United States. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(6): 1173–1182. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00603.x Abstract: Semantic differences have led to a gap in the understanding of the impacts of climate change on precipitation frequency estimates. There is popular perception that heavy rainfalls have become more frequent, and that this trend will increase with global warming. Most of the literature examines this question from the point of view of climatology using definitions of “heavy,”“very heavy,” or “extreme” rainfall, which are different from those commonly used by civil engineers. This article identifies the differences in meaning used by the climate and civil engineering communities and examines trends in the observed record in the frequency of exceedances (not trends in magnitudes). Using concepts recognized as the basis for design of the Nation’s civil infrastructure, we look at trends in the number of exceedances of thresholds for a variety of precipitation frequencies and event durations used by civil engineers. We found that the estimated trends in exceedances at one‐day and multiday durations were statistically significant and increasing for the Ohio River Basin and surrounding states but the reverse was true for the Semiarid Southwest (i.e., not significant and decreasing trends). In addition, we found the magnitude of the trends was small for all but the more frequent events and also small with respect to the uncertainty associated with the precipitation frequency estimates themselves.     

克拉玛依市大气降水化学的统计学分析

运用相关分析、因子分析和聚类分析等统计学分析方法,对2009—2010年新疆克拉玛依市的大气降水化学组成和分布特征进行分析。结果表明,SO4^2-、Cl^-、Ca^2＋和Na^＋是降水中主要离子。降水的pH值、电导率、降水量和各离子组份均呈现明显的正偏态分布,降水样品以低离子含量的样本为主,因子分析和聚类分析2种分类方法分析降水中水溶性离子主要分为3类。SO4^2-、Cl^-、Mg^2＋、F^-主要来自人为活动的贡献,K^＋、Ca^2＋主要来源于土壤和沙尘等地壳,H^＋与其他阴、阳离子间并未表现出明显的相关关系,表明研究区域的降水酸度是所有致酸离子和各种离子综合作用的结果,而不是降水中某个单一的离子组份确定的。     

石油钻井工业事故统计分析

石油钻井工业每年发生大量的事故,造成人员伤亡,环境污染和经济损失。本文通过对中东某采油区13年间3008起各类事故进行统计分析,找出不同因素影响下钻井事故发生的分布规律,为安全管理提供依据。统计结果表明,在炎热的季节,事故发生较为集中,在气候宜人的季节,事故相对较少;斋月所在的月份,事故数量明显增多,与斋月相邻的两个月事故数量明显减少;各类事故按其严重程度呈现金字塔形分布;手脚受伤在LTI中占据相当高的比例;HSE管理质量和承包商的变更对事故的分布有显著的影响。     

2015年3-4月国内环境事件

简要统计了2015年3-4月国内发生的各种环境事件112起,包括沙尘天气17起,污染事件21起,地震42起,山体滑坡和泥石流7起,旱灾4起以及其他自然灾害21起.     

2015年9-10月国内环境事件

简要统计了2015年9-10月国内发生的各种环境事件96起,包括污染事件13起,地震41起,山体滑坡和泥石流15起,旱灾5起以及其他自然灾害22起.