关于环境保护法律法规修订的新观点

为了保护人类健康不受恶劣环境的侵害,就必须对依法保护环境进行相关研究。提出了环境与健康是人类健康生存头等大事的观点,总结中国主要环境保护法律法规的不足,提出新的修订措施。提出6条保护环境的新法规建议供环境保护法修订时参考应用,主要包括:1)环境与健康及保护法规的宣传教育立法;2)医疗卫生机构设立环境医学防治学科立法;3)国家普及设立环境污染监测和预报系统立法;4)人民政府环境保护行政主管部门应扩展和延伸立法;5)国家在任何单位均应设立环境污染保护行政主管科室立法;6)国家设立外国在华企业环境保护行政主管部门立法。     

典型污染源材料中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)的释放

为研究以多溴联苯醚（PBDEs）为代表的含卤半挥发性有机物（SVOCs）在室内空气中的扩散特性,在对杭州室内环境（办公室、居室）空气中PDBEs14种单体浓度检测的基础上,分析比较了不同污染源材料中PBDEs的含量,测定了材料PBDEs挥发强度系数;探究了典型污染源材料中PBDEs释放的影响因素及其相关性.结果表明,杭州室内环境空气颗粒相和气相中PBDEs平均浓度为427.26和416.46pg/m³,其中颗粒相和气相中主要特征单体均为BDE-209.所选取的9种室内常用材料的PBDEs挥发强度系数大小依次为：地毯>电线>塑料板>阻燃布>电路板>防烫桌布>保温棉>自粘墙纸>绝缘胶带.对比不同材料中各PBDEs同系组的含量：绝缘胶带、塑料板、防烫桌布、阻燃布中十溴二苯醚（deca-BDEs）的占比最高,分别为81.33%、63.83%、27.3%和34.1%;电线中四溴二苯醚（tetra-BDEs）的占比最高,为29.83%;自粘墙纸、电路板、地毯、保温棉中五溴二苯醚（penta-BDEs）的占比最高,分别为35.82%、41.25%、45.75%和38.64%.典型污染源材料中PBDEs释放的影响因素实验结果表明,环境模拟舱中的PBDEs总浓度与温度和封闭时间对数均呈显著正相关,相关系数r和显著水平P分别为r=0.811,p<0.05和r=0.883,p<0.05,且封闭时间对源释放PBDEs总浓度的影响比温度稍大.同时,污染源特征因素（材料中PBDEs的固有含量与PBDEs挥发强度系数）对源释放的影响程度比环境因素（温度和封闭时间）大.     

关于计划生育法制建设的思考

社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善，给计划生育工作带来了一系列的新情况、新问题。因此，把计划生育工作纳入法制的轨道显得尤为重要。本文分析了我国计划生育工作靠行政约束的局限性；总结了市场经济体制下，计划生育工作面临的新特点；阐述了加强计划生育法制建设的紧迫性和可行性；并提出了计划生育立法的基本思路     

地方环境立法中若干关系问题的探讨

根据我国宪法和地方组织法等的规定,对地方环境立法中的若干关系问题,从理论和实践的结合上作了探讨。     

生态保护立法体系存在的问题及完善的建议

生态保护法属于环境保护法的一个组成部分。目前 ,我国生态保护法律体系已基本形成 ,但还不十分完善 ,与生态保护和经济发展的要求还不相适应。本文针对生态保护法体系中存在的问题 ,提出进一步完善的建议 ,以促进我国生态保护事业的发展     

甘肃境内国家重点保护鸟类鱼类、两栖类的分布规律

对甘肃省境内国家重点保护鸟类的分布规律进行了分析.结果表明,该省分布有国家重点保护鸟类59种(含亚种),隶属7目11科,其中,国家1级保护鸟类12种,2级保护鸟类47种;重点保护鱼类1种;两栖类2种.国家重点保护鸟类以古北界为主,占61.0%,东洋界鸟类仅分布于陇中黄土高原省和陇南山地省占11.9%.陇中黄土高原省、祁连山地省、陇南山地省分布有国家重点保护鸟类57 5%～61.0%,是甘肃境内国家重点保护鸟类的集中分布区.祁连山、白龙江、洮河林区是甘肃省鸟类重点保护区域,祁连山、白水江、安西3个保护区保护了甘肃省境内保护鸟类的86.4%.国家重点保护鱼类仅有秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystaxlenok)1种,为古北界成分,国家2级保护动物,分布于中部黄土高原省的渭河南岸较大支流中.国家重点保护两栖类有2种,均为古北界成分,国家2级保护动物,分布于陇南山地省.     

Vapour pressures, aqueous solubility, Henry's law constants and air/water partition coefficients of 1,8-dichlorooctane and 1,8-dibromooctane

New data on the vapour pressures and aqueous solubility of 1,8-dichlorooctane and 1,8-dibromooctane are reported as a function of temperature between 20 °C and 80 °C and 1 °C and 40 °C, respectively. For the vapour pressures, a static method was used during the measurements which have an estimated uncertainty between 3% and 5%. The aqueous solubilities were determined using a dynamic saturation column method and the values are accurate to within ±10%. 1,8-Dichlorooctane is more volatile than 1,8-dibromooctane in the temperature range covered (p_sat varies from 3 to 250 Pa and from 0.53 to 62 Pa, respectively) and is also approximately three times more soluble in water (mole fraction solubilities at 25 °C of 5.95 × 10⁻⁷ and 1.92 × 10⁻⁷, respectively). A combination of the two sets of data allowed the calculation of the Henry’s law constants and the air water partition coefficients. A simple group contribution concept was used to rationalize the data obtained.     

关于生态补偿机制基本法律问题研究--以三江源国家级自然保护区生物多样性保护为例

本文以现代生态法文化观念为理论导引,在对传统生态法理论进行检视和对三江源区的生物多样性保护与生态裣机制进行尝试考评的基础上,以理论分析与实证调研相结合的方法,提出了具有建设性和可行性的法律对策。     

浅谈组建综合林业行政执法队伍的有关设想

现行的林业行政执法体制有许多弊端,组建综合林业行政执法机构,成立综合执法队伍,统一林业执法权有其理论根据、法律依据和现实依据,这样整合了林业执法力量,加大了打击破坏森林资源违法犯罪活动的力度,还便于林业绿色事业的管理与发展,并对综合林业执法提出了一些具体设想.     

Detecting deterrence from patrol data

The threat posed to protected areas by the illegal killing of wildlife is countered principally by ranger patrols that aim to detect and deter potential offenders. Deterring poaching is a fundamental conservation objective, but its achievement is difficult to identify, especially when the prime source of information comes in the form of the patrols’ own records, which inevitably contain biases. The most common metric of deterrence is a plot of illegal activities detected per unit of patrol effort (CPUE) against patrol effort (CPUE-E). We devised a simple, mechanistic model of law breaking and law enforcement in which we simulated deterrence alongside exogenous changes in the frequency of offences under different temporal patterns of enforcement effort. The CPUE-E plots were not reliable indicators of deterrence. However, plots of change in CPUE over change in effort (ΔCPUE-ΔE) reliably identified deterrence, regardless of the temporal distribution of effort or any exogenous change in illegal activity levels as long as the time lag between patrol effort and subsequent behavioral change among offenders was approximately known. The ΔCPUE-ΔE plots offered a robust, simple metric for monitoring patrol effectiveness; were no more conceptually complicated than the basic CPUE-E plots; and required no specialist knowledge or software to produce. Our findings demonstrate the need to account for temporal autocorrelation in patrol data and to consider appropriate (and poaching-activity-specific) intervals for aggregation. They also reveal important gaps in understanding of deterrence in this context, especially the mechanisms by which it occurs. In practical applications, we recommend the use of ΔCPUE-ΔE plots in preference to other basic metrics and advise that deterrence should be suspected only if there is a clear negative slope. Distinct types of illegal activity should not be grouped together for analysis, especially if the signs of their occurrence have different persistence times in the environment.