水泥厂粉尘防治的环境经济效益分析

以雎水煤矿水泥厂技改为例，分别对新、老生产线粉尘污染进行了预测和调查监测。用无组织和有组织源强，计算了技改后的粉尘削减量，求得直接效益及环保投资回收期，并试用人力资本法、市场价值法，概算了间接效益。最后对无组织源强确定法作了讨论。     

German taxi drivers' experiences and expressions of driving anger: Are the driving anger scale and the driving anger expression inventory valid measures?

Objective: The objective of this article was 2-fold: firstly, we wanted to examine whether the original Driving Anger Scale (DAS) and the original Driving Anger Expression Inventory (DAX) apply to German professional taxi drivers because these scales have previously been given to professional and particularly to nonprofessional drivers in different countries. Secondly, we wanted to examine possible differences in driving anger experience and expression between professional German taxi drivers and nonprofessional German drivers.

Methods: We applied German versions of the DAS, the DAX, and the State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) to a sample of 138 professional German taxi drivers. We then compared their ratings to the ratings of a sample of 1,136 nonprofessional German drivers (Oehl and Brandenburg n.d. Oehl M, Brandenburg S. Driving anger in Germany: validation of the Driving Anger Scale (DAS). Saf Sci. n.d. submitted.  [Google Scholar]).

Results: Regarding our first objective, confirmatory factor analysis shows that the model fit of the DAS is better for nonprofessional drivers than for professional drivers. The DAX applies neither to professional nor to nonprofessional German drivers properly. Consequently, we suggest modified shorter versions of both scales for professional drivers. The STAXI applies to both professional and nonprofessional drivers. With respect to our second objective, we show that professional drivers experience significantly less driving anger than nonprofessional drivers, but they express more driving anger.

Conclusions: We conclude that the STAXI can be applied to professional German taxi drivers. In contrast, for the DAS and the DAX we found particular shorter versions for professional taxi drivers. Especially for the DAX, most statements were too strong for German drivers to agree to. They do not show behaviors related to driving anger expression as they are described in the DAX. These problems with the original American DAX items are in line with several other studies in different countries. Future investigations should examine whether (professional) drivers from further countries express their anger as proposed by the DAX. In addition, professional drivers experience less driving anger (DAS) and less general trait anger (STAXI) than nonprofessional drivers, but they report more driving anger expression (DAX) and more current general state anger (STAXI). Subsequent studies should therefore focus on different types of anger within the group of professional drivers.     

Greening Nigeria's economy for industrial and environmental sustainability: Polyurethane production as a test case

The study focused on Nigeria's polyurethane (PU) production process as a test case. Though it is currently insignificant when viewed from a global perspective, PU production in Nigeria is not eco‐friendly. Traditionally, PU is produced by reacting petro‐based polyol with a poly‐isocyanate, which is made from amines and phosgene and are currently imported into the country. These two materials are detrimental to the human health and environment, indicating that Nigeria's PU industries need to re‐examine their production inputs for environmental compliance. The objective of this study is to review the PU industry for nontoxic reagents that could be sourced locally vis‐à‐vis overcoming sustainable development (greening the economy) challenges in Nigeria. Non‐isocyanate polyurethane (NIPU) is preferred to petro‐polyurethane because, in comparison, NIPU has improved thermal and chemical resistance, porosity and water absorption, and is less toxic. Engaging local resources to produce PU is economically feasible; in addition, NIPU is relatively advantageous to human health and the environment. Aside from being economically feasible, production of NIPU in Nigeria has the propensity to greatly enlarge the growth of the existing PU industry to tremendous heights and contribute to diversifying and improving the overall economy.     

A framework for sustainable supply chain in emerging economies

Sustainable supply chains (SSC) are an essential topic in emerging economies for achieving sustainable development. Because of their rapid economic growth, emerging economies are experiencing both sides of this development: the well‐being enhancement and the environmental impact. However, decision makers and practitioners do not have robust models for managing supply networks that consider the sustainability complexities. This study aims to provide a better understanding of SSC in emerging economies and proposes a generic framework to improve the decision‐making process. Based on a review of the literature, a decision framework for sustainability is proposed. A green sustainable decision concept is also discussed in the SSC literature. This study has implications for scholars, decision makers, and practitioners interested in advancing the SSC field based on an extension of the framework.     

基于PEI的我国环境与经济绩效评价

当前以GDP增长为主的地方政府绩效考核体系对环境保护等公共服务激励不足,导致地方政府的环境保护绩效不理想.在参考资源、环境和经济综合评价相关研究成果的基础上,采用GDP与污染物排放关联分析的方法,构建了PEI（pollution&economy index,污染与经济指标）,从环境代价和经济效益两个维度评价区域环境与经济发展的协调程度.以2007—2016年《中国统计年鉴》和《中国环境统计年鉴》数据为基础,通过计算GDP和污染物排放当量（COD_Cr、氨氮、SO₂、NO_x）,对我国30个省（市）区的环境与经济绩效（不含港澳台及西藏自治区的数据,下同）进行了分析与评价.结果表明,2006—2015年全国平均GDP与平均污染物排放当量的比值总体上呈上升趋势,多年平均增长率高达13.66%,我国的总体环境与经济效益有所改善.从PEI全国排名来看,PEI优于全国平均水平的省（市）区数量有所增加（由原来的9个增至12个）.2015年PEI排名前三位的依次为北京、上海和天津,而排名落后的3个省区依次为宁夏、新疆和甘肃.研究显示,PEI模型计算简单,可对不同发展阶段的省（市）区进行相对客观的评价,具有较高的稳定性和可操作性,对优化现有政府绩效考核指标具有重要的参考价值.      

沙区沙化土地封禁保护补偿标准的估算——最小数据方法在甘肃省民勤县的运用

论文以甘肃省民勤县沙化土地封禁保护实践工作为研究背景,运用最小数据方法,估算了激励沙区农户将沙化耕地自愿转化为封禁土地的生态补偿（封禁补偿）标准。以水资源服务表征土地管理方式转变之后的生态系统服务产出,由调查获得的农户机会成本推导出了水资源服务供给曲线,并计算出了封禁补偿标准与土地转化比例、水资源服务供给量之间的定量关系。研究结果表明：1）实施封禁补偿,可激励农户改变沙化耕地利用方式,减少农业用水需求量,增加生态用水供给量,对民勤和石羊河流域生态保护意义重大;2）民勤县规划封禁保护区总面积为1.55万hm²,期望水资源服务产出为1.02亿m³,需要按照19 770元·hm^-2的标准补偿才能激励农户实现这一政策目标;3）以新一轮退耕还林补偿标准3 600元·hm^-2为参照线,只能促使3.51%的沙化耕地转化为封禁土地,在设计封禁补偿机制时,需要提高封禁补偿标准。     

关于绿色建筑体系与低碳经济的探讨

针对绿色建筑体系与低碳经济的探讨问题,介绍了什么是绿色建筑,提出了绿色建筑是中国低碳经济建设的必然要求,探讨了绿色建筑的发展,主要包括:国外某些国家绿色建筑的发展和中国绿色建筑的发展,提出了绿色建筑的认识误区,主要包括绿色并不等于高价格和高成本、绿色建筑不仅局限于新建建筑和建筑节能不只是政府的职责,总结出中国绿色建筑的推广与运用,主要是研究和推广符合中国国情的绿色建筑、大力推广“绿色建筑”的标识和中国绿色建筑推广的实例.     

On Population Mobility in Market Economy

Abstract

Regular and extensive social population mobility in natural economy is neither necessary nor possible while in a planned economic system, social population distribution is necessary but social population mobility is unlikely. Modern market economy as a highly mobile economy has a free-mobile population characteristic of market economy, which is fundamental to optimize human resource distribution. The rule for the modern market-based population movement is as follows: If the mobile population is the rational behavior choosers, under the permissive developmental environment as arranged by the social system, they tend to move from low profit-making fields to high income fields when there exists comparable difference of income in different regions and different industries, and various potential and practical profit-making chances. The degree of difference in comparable income is positively co-relative to the velocity and flux of mobile population.     

关于生态环境的认识及对待

生态环境的恶化已引起各国重视,我国生态环境问题表现在水资源短缺、水土流失、工业污染、森林毁坏及生态物种减少诸方面。我国对于改善生态环境作了很大的努力,我们应该坚持走发展的道路,但在发展的进程中要注意保护环境,即坚持可持续发展。     

基于低碳发展的企业资源损失定量分析及其应用

低碳经济是企业发展中面临的选择,但目前的研究却缺少企业产品生产过程中的资源消耗与环境影响问题之间的定量分析.另有研究发现,企业处于积极环境行为的第一个层次,即只要企业污染治理水平停留在企业污染治理边际成本和企业污染治理边际收益相等处,企业治理环境就是可以获得收益的,因而,企业有进行降低环境影响的强烈需求.本文运用物质流成本会计(MFCA),从数量与价值角度使企业资源损失定量化,使其损失结构清晰化,因此有利于企业找到损失改善点,促使企业减少资源的初始投入量、提高资源使用率,并降低环境影响.以一个案例进行具体运用,在此基础上,引入外部损害成本原理,通过"资源流内部损失-废弃物外部损害"双重维度分析,使企业资源损失从经济性和环境性方面得到全面体现.本文从微观层面为企业低碳经济发展提供了一个新的研究视角.