芬顿氧化试验中残余双氧水对CODcr测定的影响研究

在采用Fenton高级氧化技术对垃圾压滤液进行处理时,作为氧化剂的双氧水经常不能完全消耗。而使用重铬酸钾法进行CODcr测定时,待测水体中残余的双氧水会表现出还原性而消耗重铬酸钾,对最终CODcr测定结果产生影响。本文分析了在垃圾压滤液中不同浓度双氧水对CODcr测定的影响大小,得出双氧水浓度对CODcr影响曲线,同时为消除双氧水对CODcr测定结果影响,在试验中投加过量硫酸亚铁与双氧水反应,当投加量达到理论反应量的1.0～1.2倍时,对双氧水去除效果最好,使后续的CODcr测定试验更加准确。     

电催化氧化法处理阳离子染料废水的试验研究

以结晶紫作为阳离子染料,采用电催化氧化法对阳离子染料溶液进行了电解脱色处理试验,研究了电流密度、电解质种类、电解质浓度、pH值等对该溶液脱色率的影响,测定了电解时溶液中生成的余氯浓度和溶液的紫外-可见吸收光谱曲线,并对不同电解时间的溶液的吸光度进行了归一化计算。结果表明:随着电解时间的延长,水溶液中活性氯浓度不断上升,经一定时间后达到最大值;在电催化和活性氯的协同作用下,阳离子染料结晶紫分子中的大π共轭体系被破坏、苯环结构基本瓦解,溶液快速脱色;在电流密度为5.1mA/cm2、NaCl浓度为4g/L、pH值为9.41的条件下,初始浓度为100mg/L的结晶紫溶液经过20min的电解,其脱色率可高达98.31%。     

Improvement of soil aggregate stability by repeated applications of organic amendments to a cultivated silty loam soil

The objective of this study was to compare the effects of repeated field applications of three urban compost amendments and one farmyard manure amendment over a 9-year period on aggregate stability in a silty loam soil initially characterized by low clay and initial organic matter contents and poor aggregate stability. Three different aggregate stability tests with increasing disruptive intensities (fast wetting > mechanical breakdown > slow wetting tests) and different disaggregation mechanisms, were used. All of the amendments, which were applied at approximately 4 Mg C ha⁻¹ every other year, increased the organic carbon content and improved the stability of the aggregates against the disruptive action of water, as determined by each of the stability tests. However, the year-to-year variations in the aggregate stability that related to factors other than the organic inputs were greater than the cumulative increase in aggregate stability relative to the control. The positive effects of the tested amendments on aggregate stability were linked to their contribution to soil organic C contents (r = 0.54 for the fast wetting test and r = 0.41-0.42 for the mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests; p < 0.05). The addition of urban composts had a larger positive effect on aggregate stability than farmyard manure at the majority of sampling dates. The addition of biodegradable immature compost, such as municipal solid waste (MSW), improved the aggregate stability through an enhanced resistance to slaking. The addition of mature composts, such as the co-compost of sewage sludge and green wastes (GWS) or biowaste compost (BW), improved the aggregate stability by increasing interparticular cohesion. The MSW compost was the most efficient in improving aggregate stability during the first 6 years of the experiment (average improvements of +22%, +5% and +28% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment); this result was likely due to the larger labile organic pool of the MSW compost that was highly effective at stimulating soil microbial activity. After the first 6 years, the two other composts, GWS and BW, became more efficient (average improvements of +25%, +61% and +33% in the fast wetting, mechanical breakdown and slow wetting tests, respectively, compared to the control treatment), which was probably linked to the greater increase in soil organic C contents. Therefore, the application of urban compost to silty soil that is susceptible to water erosion was effective at improving aggregate stability and thus could be used to enhance the resistance of soil to water erosion.     

H2O2胁同三维电极法处理罗丹明B废水的研究

为了了解过氧化氢与三维电极的协同作用,以罗丹明B模拟废水进行了实验研究,探索了填料配比、外加电压、过氧化氢投加量、初始废水pH值、染料初始浓度等单因子对降解罗丹明B的影响,并通过正交试验研究各因素对该法处理罗丹明B模拟废水的效应.结果表明,过氧化氢与三维电极在处理罗丹明B模拟废水时具有明显的协同作用;外加电压=20v,...     

Quantitative method to determine the regional drinking water odorant regulation goals based on odor sensitivity distribution：Illustrated using 2-MIB

Taste and odor （T/O） in drinking water often cause consumer complaints and are thus regulated in many countries. However, people in different regions may exhibit different sensitivities toward WO. This study proposed a method to determine the regional drinking water odorant regulation goals （ORGs） based on the odor sensitivity distribution of the local population. The distribution of odor sensitivity to 2-methylisobomeol （2-MIB） by the local population in Beijing, China was revealed by using a normal distribution function/model to describe the odor complaint response to a 2-MIB episode in 2005, and a 2-MIB concentration of 12.9 ng/L and FPA （flavor profile analysis） intensity of 2.5 was found to be the critical point to cause odor complaints. Thus the Beijing ORG for 2-MIB was determined to be 12.9 ng/L. Based on the assumption that the local FPA panel can represent the local population in terms of sensitivity to odor, and that the critical FPA intensity causing odor complaints was 2.5, this study tried to determine the ORGs for seven other cities of China by performing FPA tests using an FPA panel from the corresponding city. ORG values between 12.9 and 31.6 ng/L were determined, showing that a unified ORG may not be suitable for drinking water odor regulations. This study presents a novel approach for setting drinking water odor regulations.     

氟化铵制备氟化钙最优条件研究

试验采用氟化铵与石灰石粉、石灰乳反应制取氟化钙,研究了反应温度、物料浓度、物料过量系数等各主要参数变化对氟化钙结晶、过滤速度、氟收率及其含量的影响,摸索出最优反应条件。     

柠檬酸对砷污染土壤的萃取优化条件实验研究

论文以新邱矿矸石山排土场土壤为研究对象,以去离子水做空白试验,选取尿素、十二烷基磺酸钠、碳酸氢钠、醋酸、柠檬酸等12种化学试剂做了萃取剂初选试验;并以柠檬酸为萃取剂进行了三因素三水平L9(33)正交实验。实验结果表明:柠檬酸和氢氧化钠可作为砷污染土壤的萃取剂,具有良好的萃取效果。柠檬酸作为砷污染土壤萃取剂的最优化条件是液土比为10mL/g,萃取时间为12h,萃取剂浓度为0.1mol/L。实验结果可为砷污染土壤的治理提供参考。     

基于《环境影响评价》的研究性系列实验设计与教学实践研究

为提高高校本科生实验及实践类课程教学水平,基于笔者十余年实践类课程教学实践,介绍了以课程形式新建的具有研究性特质的系列本科生教学实验,实验素材主要源于“理论课程中的经典研究方法、学科前沿的科学研究实验和成熟的社会应用技术方法和规范”,最后基于具体实践教学案例,详细阐述了上述系列研究性实验的教学细节和流程.希望本研究的探索工作能够为中国高校实验教学的深入改革,以及建立基于学科的国家级基础实验教学示范中心提供基础和借鉴.     

农田排水沟渠水体-底泥中溶质氮分布特征试验研究

沟渠系统"过程拦截"是现阶段农业非点源污染控制和管理的重要手段.针对当前农田排水沟渠水体-底泥-植物系统内各介质间非点源溶质迁移转化机制不清的现状,本研究以天然沟渠为对象,以非点源溶质氮为例,通过2014年3月~2015年2月现场监测试验,分析了农田排水沟渠水体及底泥中非点源溶质氮的分布特征.结果表明,沿沟渠纵向,试验沟渠水体中总氮质量浓度、底泥中总氮含量均呈现一定程度递减趋势,表现出沟渠系统对非点源溶质的净化作用;水体中总氮质量浓度、底泥中总氮含量在沟渠横断面分布存在较大不均匀性,其分布特征与断面形态、流量变化过程、流速分布等因素有关,其中水体中总氮质量浓度均衡度为76.89%,底泥中总氮含量均衡度为57.04%;试验期内,水体中总氮质量浓度呈"凹"形变化、底泥中总氮含量呈"凸"形变化,二者表现出相逆的变化趋势.     

应用铅锶同位素示踪研究泉州某林地垂直剖面土壤中重金属污染及来源解析

分别用原子吸收光谱仪(AAS)和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)分析了泉州市某林地垂直剖面土壤中8种重金属元素(Sr、Ni、Fe、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn)的含量及垂直剖面土壤的铅锶同位素组成,并采用BCR四步提取法对重金属形态进行了分析.重金属总量及形态分析结果表明,泉州市林地土壤重金属污染较轻,主要污染因子为Sr.Pb的非残渣态含量最高,活性最大.内梅罗综合污染指数的评价结果表明,Sr在0~60 cm深度处达到重度污染.次生相与原生相比值法评价结果表明,Pb活性最强,对土壤的潜在危害最大;富集因子计算结果表明,Pb、Sr、Mn、Zn受到外源的影响;因子分析结果表明,重金属主要受到交通源、自然源和农业生产的影响.根据垂直剖面土壤样品与泉州市潜在污染源在~(206)Pb/~(207)Pb-~(207)Pb/~(204)Pb图中的分布特征,Pb主要来源于汽车尾气尘和土壤母质层,利用铅同位素二元混合模型计算出土壤母质层对垂直剖面土壤中铅的贡献率为85.14%(62.53%~98.36%),汽车尾气尘的贡献率平均值为14.86%(1.640%~37.47%).锶同位素示踪结果表明,锶主要来源于汽车尾气尘和土壤母质.铅锶同位素联合示踪结果与前述研究一致.