世博会期间上海交通环境承载力调控策略

世博会参观客流规模庞大,且世博园区周边道路设施和自然环境的容量有限,游客自由选择交通模式的结果必然导致自然环境严重超标,人工交通环境不堪重负,因此,必须对世博会期间环境承载力进行调控。而世博会客流属于长期高强度客流,传统的以强制性手段为主的调控策略主要用于短期高强度客流的调控,并不适于世博会。基于局部向全局转换、“强制”向“引导”转换、单因素向双因素转换的调控原则,提出了基于“引导控制”模式的交通环境承载力调控策略：以“引导”手段为主,通过提高公交运行效率、补偿转换交通等措施吸引世博客流向公交方式转移;以“控制”手段为辅,在世博园区周围一定范围内限制社会车辆出入、使用清洁能源车辆,以保证世博客流集散,并降低世博客流对自然环境的影响。     

嫩江水污染物排放总量分配方法研究

本文针对嫩江沿岸采用氧化塘处理污水的特点，为充分合理利用水环境容量，以流域总量控制的原则为指导，建立了水污染物总量分配模型，预测不同流量和不同排污情况下的水质，确定不同流量下给定水质目标的临界距离和允许排污量。     

Population,development,and environment in India

High population growth and continued economic development have caused serious environmental damage in the Asia Pacific region.However,the recent experience is that the pace of environmental degradation is faster in developing countries than in developed countries.To this end,the study seeks to assess the impact of population pressure on India’s environment,with particular reference to the degradation of natural endowments like land and water resources and the resultant environmental pollution in the six regions of India.The rapid economic growth and expansion of infrastructure development in recent decades have not come without serious environmental consequences particularly in the southern,northern,and western regions.But in the eastern,north-eastern,and central regions of the country,environmental damage has been mainly due to rapid population growth.     

Farmers' Willingness-to-Pay for Environment and Human Health and Adoption of IPM

Abstract

Although chemical control of pests increases crop production, it brings a lot of damage to environment and human health. There exist a number of alternative methods that are not so harmful to environment and human health. However, whether and how much in extent these technologies adopted are plausible depends on the comparison of benefit- cost between chemical control and the alternative control methods (such as Integrated Pest Management, IPM) and farmers' willingness-to-pay (WTP) for environment and human health. Using contingent valuation method (CVM), the author investigates farmers' WTP for environment and human health, recognizes the factors influencing WTP, and accordingly points out the importance of pest control technology extension and government regulation of pesticides.     

解决农村能源问题是治理新疆农业环境的突破口

文中简要叙述了农村能源是农业生态系统和农业环境保护的重要内容之一。指出新疆农村能源缺乏,结构不合理,热效率低,浪费大等,是造成新疆干旱地区生态环境不断恶化的主要原因之一。加强领导,提高能源意识,制定能源发展规划,大力发展农村能源产业和大力营造薪炭林,并增加农村商品能源供应,积极开发利用新能源,解决农村能源建设资金问题。     

淡水环境沉积物中微塑料的密度分离方法研究

微塑料污染已广泛覆盖了全球海洋和淡水环境的表层水体、深层水体以及沉积物,沉积物中的泥沙和其他杂质颗粒会严重影响对沉积物中微塑料的实验分析.因此,将微塑料从沉积物中分离出来至关重要,而目前我国微塑料分离方法暂无统一的系统程序和检测标准.该研究在岷江成都段选取4个采样点采集沉积物样品,通过对比研究基于密度分离法的3种分离方...     

风蚀扬尘抑尘剂效率测试方法与应用

风蚀扬尘抑尘剂是一种控制风蚀扬尘的有效措施,探讨使用便携式风洞(PI-SWERL)测试风蚀扬尘抑尘剂效率的方法,并对比国内外2种抑尘剂对风蚀扬尘PM2. 5的抑制效率,以研究喷洒方式、稀释倍数和风速对抑尘效率的影响.结果表明:①按照推荐的稀释倍数分别配置G和Enviroseal(ES)抑尘剂水溶液并测试,液滴喷洒方式对应的抑尘效率优于雾化喷洒方式,在17. 2 m·s~(-1)(相当于8级风)风速时G抑尘剂效率(99. 5%)优于ES抑尘剂(94. 0%)和水(77. 5%);②对稀释倍数为50、100、150、200和400倍的G抑尘剂进行测试,在17. 2 m·s~(-1)风速时,抑尘效率分别为99. 7%、99. 5%、99. 7%、98. 1%和95. 9%,可根据抑尘效率变化拐点确定抑尘剂最佳成本效益稀释倍数;在13. 1～17. 2 m·s~(-1)风速范围内,抑尘效率随风速增加而增加.③使用便携式风洞测试风蚀扬尘抑尘剂效率的方法,可以量化抑尘剂对风蚀扬尘PM2. 5的抑制效率,建议对风蚀扬尘抑尘剂开展抑尘有效期和环境友好性测试.     

The influence of the operational environment on the efficiency of water utilities

Adjusting for the operational environment in studies of performance measurement is very important, otherwise the analysis may lead to unrealistic scores, especially when its influence on costs is high, such as in the water utilities. In this paper, we study the influence of exogenous variables on the water utilities performance by applying conditional efficiency measures based on the order-m method and its probabilistic formulation. We use a sample of 66 water utilities operating between 2002 and 2008, representing about 70% of the Portuguese population. Our research suggests that inefficiency of Portuguese water utilities is substantial for some utilities: several exogenous variables might influence it considerably. For example, regulation has a positive influence on efficiency but when drinking water supply and wastewater services are provided by the same utility or when the wholesale and retail activities are provided together, the performance is lower. The effect of ownership is inconclusive and the variables residential customers, water source, peak factor, and density of customers have a mixed influence on performance which varies according to their scores.     

基于GIS技术的生态环境脆弱性模糊综合评价

研究过程中摒弃了以往生态环境脆弱性分析中常有的以乡、镇为研究单元的传统模式,改用栅格单元为基本研究单元,切实反映了区域自然环境特征的非均衡性和连续性,使研究结果打破行政区界限从而具有＂空间性＂;并基于栅格单元首次提出了将＂地理信息系统技术＂和＂AHP-模糊综合评价模型＂互相融合的生态环境脆弱性研究的＂分解-合成＂新方法,使得原本数据信息有限的模糊矩阵扩展成包含大量网格信息的巨型空间矩阵,较好的解决了图层属性单一化与模糊隶属最大原则之间的矛盾。文章从＂模糊隶属度＂层面进行生态环境脆弱性综合分析评价。     

基于CBR和RBR的环境污染事故应急辅助决策专家系统

随着我国经济的高速发展,环境事故呈现多发态势,给人民的生命和财产安全带来了一定的隐患,辅助决策专家系统为用户提供一种使用简便、结果可靠的环境应急决策手段,可以提高环境事故应急处置的成功率。目前辅助决策专家系统多基于CBR或RBR推理模式,介绍了两种推理模式的优缺点,研究了如何将二者联合使用构建环境污染事故应急辅助决策专家系统。利用CBR推理模式得到与用户输入条件相近的案例,用户可参考案例中应急处置部分内容指导应急处置,同时利用RBR推理模式得到与用户输入条件相近的化学品MSDS信息以及相应的应急处理步骤以供用户参考,上述三部分内容共同构成了环境污染事故应急指南以供用户参考,提高环境污染事故的应急处理成功率。