中西环境哲学的源流与发展

本文界定环境哲学的基本范围框架，以“天人合一”和“主客恶性二分”分别概括中国和西方的传统环境形上学特征，分析环境哲学的源流及其在当代可持续发展要求下的学科建构。     

土地流转契约稳定性对转入土地农户化肥施用强度和环境效率的影响

本研究目的在于分析土地流转契约稳定性对转入土地农户化肥施用强度和环境效率的影响,并利用安徽省414户种粮大户的调研数据进行实证检验。研究方法包括DEA-SBM模型、多元回归模型和Tobit模型。结果表明：（1）土地租期、土地租金对种粮大户种植小麦、水稻、玉米的化肥施用强度分别有显著负向和显著正向的影响。（2）种粮大户种植小麦、水稻、玉米的平均环境效率分别为0.54、0.58、0.59,存在比较严重的环境效率损失;土地租期、土地租金对种粮大户种植小麦、水稻、玉米的环境效率分别有显著正向和显著负向的影响。本文主要结论是提高土地流转契约的稳定性有利于降低转入土地农户的施肥强度,进而提高农地规模经营的环境效率。     

华北地下水超采区农户节水灌溉技术认知分析——以河北省张家口市沽源县为例

目前我国华北地区面临严重的地下水超采问题,在地下水超采综合治理行动方案中明确提出要加强农业节水,调整农业种植结构。农户节水灌溉技术认知与农业节水效果密不可分,本文以河北省张家口市沽源县269份农户调查为样本,采用结构方程模型探索农户节水灌溉技术认知的内在机理。结果显示：农户个人特征、家庭生产特征、政策宣传特征和农户水资源稀缺性认知的路径系数分别为0.186、0.157、0.469和0.200。表明节水灌溉技术补助、培训和参观高效节水示范区对提升农户节水灌溉技术认知的效果显著。因此,在依靠政府技术资金支持的基础上,发现农户节水灌溉技术认知差异,制定完善的节水灌溉技术宣传推广体系,有利于提高华北地区农户采用节水灌溉技术的积极性。     

江苏沿海滩涂地区农户经济行为研究

江苏海岸带是中国最重要的海岸带湿地之一。滩涂资源的可持续利用成为当前研究的焦点。农户是滩涂开发的微观经济活动的主体和相对独立的生产单位。农户的经济行为对滩涂开发和利用产生直接和重要的影响。以江苏省盐城市的射阳县、大丰市为例，选择3个典型村庄进行入户访谈式调查．在对220个农户进行了入户随机抽样调查的基础上，利用区域经济动力学原理Logisti模型和Cobb-Douglas生产函数。建立了农户经济行为对环境影响的数量经济模型。研究表明，滩涂区农户经济行为对滩涂环境压力的大小及类型具有直接影响。土地经营规模、土地利用类型、生产投入、投资意向、农户受教育水平等是产生影响的主要因素。找出滩涂资源利用中存在的问题和主要的环境压力在于：农户经济生产方式单一，产业结构不合理；农户教育水平较低，环境意识差；滩涂利用经济效率低．环境压力大；农户抗市场风险能力差。并提出了相应的对策和建议。     

Underaddressed animal-welfare issues in conservation

Much progress has been made toward assessing and improving animal welfare in conservation. However, several glaring knowledge gaps remain where animal-welfare concerns exist but animal-welfare studies have not been performed in politically sensitive contexts. Based on contemporary issues in Australia, we identified 4 topics that require more research: animal-welfare oversight for operations designated as management (as opposed to research); animal-welfare impacts of biological agents used to control invasive animals; welfare of animals hunted recreationally; and animal-welfare impacts associated with indigenous wildlife use. Animal-welfare science may be applied to these sensitive topics through simple quantitative studies (e.g., quantifying the frequency of adverse animal-welfare events). Several such studies have effectively addressed animal-welfare concerns in similarly contentious contexts, including feral camel (Camelus dromedarius) culling in Australia, recreational hunting in Scandinavia, and indigenous whale hunting in the United States. For discussions of animal welfare in conservation to be evidence-based, courageous research is required in the 4 key areas we identified.     

Fixism and conservation science

The field of biodiversity conservation has recently been criticized as relying on a fixist view of the living world in which existing species constitute at the same time targets of conservation efforts and static states of reference, which is in apparent disagreement with evolutionary dynamics. We reviewed the prominent role of species as conservation units and the common benchmark approach to conservation that aims to use past biodiversity as a reference to conserve current biodiversity. We found that the species approach is justified by the discrepancy between the time scales of macroevolution and human influence and that biodiversity benchmarks are based on reference processes rather than fixed reference states. Overall, we argue that the ethical and theoretical frameworks underlying conservation research are based on macroevolutionary processes, such as extinction dynamics. Current species, phylogenetic, community, and functional conservation approaches constitute short‐term responses to short‐term human effects on these reference processes, and these approaches are consistent with evolutionary principles.     

论环境伦理道德及其修养

环境伦理道德是一种新的道德观。其最鲜明的特征就是立足于人与自然的关系来提出新的道德准则。通过阐述环境伦理道德的含义、义务、培养、宣传教育,形成良好的环境伦理道德。把人与自然看成是一个系统,当做一个复合体来对待,从道德的角度来维护和促进人与自然的和谐发展与共同进化,为人类社会发展寻求新的发展途径。     

伦理视域下的高校贫困生思想政治教育中人本关怀

高校贫困生思想政治教育人本关怀是贫困生健康成才的基础,是培养贫困生励志精神和感恩意识的客观需要.实现伦理视域下高校贫困生思想政治教育中的人本关怀,必须从认识上理解其伦理意义、内容上突出重点、策略上体现实质.     

How to address data privacy concerns when using social media data in conservation science

Social media data are being increasingly used in conservation science to study human–nature interactions. User-generated content, such as images, video, text, and audio, and the associated metadata can be used to assess such interactions. A number of social media platforms provide free access to user-generated social media content. However, similar to any research involving people, scientific investigations based on social media data require compliance with highest standards of data privacy and data protection, even when data are publicly available. Should social media data be misused, the risks to individual users' privacy and well-being can be substantial. We investigated the legal basis for using social media data while ensuring data subjects’ rights through a case study based on the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation. The risks associated with using social media data in research include accidental and purposeful misidentification that has the potential to cause psychological or physical harm to an identified person. To collect, store, protect, share, and manage social media data in a way that prevents potential risks to users involved, one should minimize data, anonymize data, and follow strict data management procedure. Risk-based approaches, such as a data privacy impact assessment, can be used to identify and minimize privacy risks to social media users, to demonstrate accountability and to comply with data protection legislation. We recommend that conservation scientists carefully consider our recommendations in devising their research objectives so as to facilitate responsible use of social media data in conservation science research, for example, in conservation culturomics and investigations of illegal wildlife trade online.