铁基质强化新型功能性化粪池高效处理黑水的试验

以铁基质生物载体为核心,将物理、生物和化学方法结合,对化粪池进行功能强化,实现黑水的原位深度处理.探究了溶解氧（DO）和碳氮比（C/N）等因素对黑水中污染物降解的影响,并在最佳运行参数下考察了氮素在系统中的转化机制.结果表明,当C/N为7.3~8.4时,好氧生物铁基质载体池DO为2.3~2.7mg/L时,系统氨氮（NH₄⁺-N）、总氮（TN） 、COD和总磷（TP）的平均去除率分别可达90.74%、85.81%、92.65%和95.78%;当进水C/N降至3.3~4.2时,系统NH₄⁺-N、TN、COD和TP的平均去除率仍可维持在81.16%、76.62%、93.87%和94.75%.铁基质生物载体内电解作用显著强化了化粪池内TN的脱除、COD的氧化和TP的固定.氮素转化机制分析表明,内电解与反硝化菌的耦合强化了反硝化作用,降低了反硝化过程对有机碳源的需求,强化了低C/N条件下TN、TP的脱除.     

污水深度处理流程对污染物去除效果评价方法

城市污水再生处理流程大多采用几种深度处理单元组合而成,由单个处理单元对污染物的去除效果来准确评价组合流程整体的处理效率对于工艺方案的确定和实际运行具有重要意义。在对处理过程中污染物浓度分布变化分析的基础上,建立了污水深度处理流程污染物去除效果的评价分析方法,并根据3种常用再生处理单元的实验结果,以总大肠菌群为例,评价了混凝沉淀过滤与生物活性炭和超滤联用处理流程对总大肠菌群的去除效果,计算结果表明,这种评价分析方法是准确可行的。     

基于MODBUS协议的粪便处理工艺控制系统

介绍了MODBUS通讯协议在重庆市黄沙溪粪便无害化、资源化处理厂的运用。具体阐述了该系统的通讯配置、通讯编程等工艺控制系统。该系统已投入运行,通讯性能稳定、安全可靠,对其他同类控制系统具有一定的借鉴和推广作用。     

MBR工艺中溶解性有机物的分子量和EEM解析

采用凝胶过滤色谱(GFC)分子量测定技术和三维荧光(EEM)光谱技术,对平板膜-生物反应器工艺应用于餐饮废水和粪便污水处理的工程实例进行研究,对比分析2套工艺中的调节池水和出水的溶解性有机物(DOM)及污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)的性质变化.研究表明,餐饮废水处理过程的调节池水DOM中大分子(＞100 kDa)物质比例为6...     

西安地区旅游景点水体卫生细菌学调查及保护对策

以粪大肠菌和异养细菌总数做指标，对西安地区旅游景点水体的卫生细菌学状况进行了调查。结果表明，西安市区内旅游景点的人工湖、天然湖等大都受到不同程度的污染，而离市区较远、海拔较高的旅游景点则污染较轻。     

FECAL COLIFORM SOURCE ASSESSMENT IN A SMALL,MIXED LAND USE WATERSHED1

ABSTRACT: This study presents the results of fecal coliform (FC) sampling in the Rawls Creek, South Carolina, watershed during 1999 and 2000. The work was undertaken because the watershed is listed on the 303(d) list for South Carolina due to FC excursions. The watershed is 43.8 percent residential, 35 percent forest, 5.7 percent mixed urban, 4.9 percent commercial, and 4.8 percent agriculture. Samples were taken at 15 stations during eight field trips divided into two phases to characterize FC inputs from subbasins and to integrate results from upstream sampling. FC concentrations ranged from 135 to 730 colonies/100 ml. Results suggest that retention ponds in the area are a significant factor in attenuation of FC concentrations. Catchments with the largest contiguous impervious areas are the greatest source of FC. The highest concentrations of FC were observed at stations just downstream from a large detention basin that intercepts storm runoff from a large commercial area. Further analysis of the design and performance of that structure is suggested. The Koon Branch tributary is less than 20 percent of the land area in the watershed but may contribute 40 percent of the fecal loading. The results of this study confirm the importance of site assessments to aid understanding of nonpoint source pollution in complex watersheds.     

十管发酵测定粪大肠菌群的研究

本文通过实验摸索出粪大肠菌群的一种十管发酵法。该方法与国家标准方法多管发酵法原理相同,节省了人力、物力,同时兼顾了实验结果的准确性。该方法检测下限为2MPN/100ml,适用于地表水和废水。     

基于曝气方式控制的碳捕获预处理黑水部分亚硝化工艺

短程硝化是短程生物脱氮工艺的前提与难点,通过曝气控制实现短程硝化具有操作灵活、成本低等优点。本文采用序批式活性污泥反应器,对比分析了高氧持续曝气、间歇曝气和低氧持续曝气3种曝气方式实现碳捕获预处理黑水短程硝化的效果和微生物群落结构的差异。结果表明：相对于高氧持续曝气和间歇曝气,低氧持续曝气工况亚硝态氮累积率(NAR)更高,出水NO₂⁻-N/NH₄⁺-N更接近厌氧氨氧化进水的水质要求;高氧持续曝气工况能逐步洗脱Nitrospira,同时提高AOB和Nitrobacter的相对丰度;低氧持续曝气工况显著降低了Nitrobacter的相对丰度,但低DO条件下AOB丰度降低并出现了Nitrospira。以上研究结果表明,针对碳捕获后的黑水,采用高氧持续曝气与低氧持续曝气交替组合运行的控制策略有助于实现更好的短程硝化效果和运行稳定性。     

Effects of a tropical cyclone on the drinking-water quality of a remote Pacific island

The effect of a cyclone (Ami, January 2003) on drinking-water quality on the island of Vanua Levu, Fiji was investigated. Following the cyclone nearly three-quarters of the samples analysed did not conform to World Health Organisation (WHO) guideline values for safe drinking-water in terms of chlorine residual, total and faecal coliforms, and turbidity. Turbidity and total coliform levels significantly increased (up 56 and 62 per cent, respectively) from pre-cyclone levels, which was likely due to the large amounts of silt and debris entering water-supply sources during the cyclone. The utility found it difficult to maintain a reliable supply of treated water in the aftermath of the disaster. Communities were unaware they were drinking water that had not been adequately treated. Circumstances permitted this cyclone to be used as a case study to assess whether a simple paper-strip water-quality test (the hydrogen sulphide, H(2)S) kit could be distributed and used for community-based monitoring following such a disaster event to better protect public health. The H(2)S test results correlated well with faecal and total coliform results as found in previous studies. A small percentage of samples (about 10 per cent) tested positive for faecal and total coliforms but did not test positive in the H(2)S test. It was concluded that the H(2)S test would be well suited to wider use, especially in the absence of water-quality monitoring capabilities for outer island groups as it is inexpensive and easy to use, thus enabling communities and community health workers with minimal training to test their own water supplies without outside assistance. The importance of public education before and after natural disasters is also discussed.     

厕所黑水源分离及其资源化技术研究进展与展望

厕所是日常生活的基本设施,在改善人类生活环境方面发挥了重要作用。厕所黑水主要由粪便和尿液组成,含有大量有机质和氮、磷等营养物质,其源分离与资源化处理逐渐成为一个亟待解决的环境和技术问题。通过文献调研和分析,梳理了厕所黑水源分离和资源化处理的主要技术路线。围绕厕所黑水源分离,综述了厕所黑水源分离新型便器设备及其应用范围;根据粪便废水和尿液的特点,系统总结了源分离后不同废水的分类处理与资源化技术的研究进展,揭示了厕所黑水的污染控制和碳、氮、磷的有效回收是目前的根本任务;最后,根据当前的研究与工程应用现状,总结了厕所黑水源分离与资源化技术评估及绿色发展、多种技术的合理组合、集中化智慧化运行管理等方面面临的挑战,并提出相关建议。研究旨在为因地制宜推广适宜的厕所黑水源分离及资源化技术的规模化应用提供理论依据和参考。