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51.
水环境中耐热大肠菌群的抗生素耐药性与质粒谱研究 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
用滤膜法、mFC培养基从5种水体中分离出疑似耐热大肠菌162株,用API微生物分析系统鉴定到种,以Kirby-Bauer法分析其对人畜常用10种抗生素的耐药性,碱裂解法小量制备各菌株质粒DNA做质粒谱分析.结果表明,埃希氏大肠杆菌为优势菌,占分离菌总数的96.3%.除分离自泉水的3株外,其它菌株都对3种及3种以上抗生素耐药,多重耐药率为98.1%.不同水体分离菌株对氧氟沙星、诺氟沙星、庆大霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、链霉素的耐药率有显著性差异(P<0.005).92株菌(56.8%)提取到大小为0.90~158.83kb、数量为1~6个的质粒,有81种质粒谱型.70株(43.2%)未提取到质粒的细菌中有67株为多重耐药.具有相同质粒谱型的菌株耐药谱都不相同.未发现质粒谱与抗生素耐药性间有明显相关性.图1表3参15 相似文献
52.
以细菌学理论为依据,以湖南沅江常德江段水体为实例,说明了用《地表水环境质量标准》(GHZB 1-1999)中粪大肠菌群指标(FC)和《地面水环境质量标准》(GB 3838-88)中总大肠菌群指标(TC)分别评价河流水体的细菌学质量所存在的差异。 相似文献
53.
Douglas G. Boyer Ewa Kuczynska 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2003,39(6):1449-1456
ABSTRACT: The transmission of disease in ground water is a topic of great concern to government agencies, ground water specialists, and the general public. The purpose of this study was to compare the temporal variability in storm flow of fecal coliform bacteria densities and Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst densities in agriculturally impacted karst ground water. Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst densities ranged from 0 to 1,050 oocysts/1, and mean storm densities ranged from 3.5 to 156.8 oocysts/1. Fecal coliform densities ranged from less than 1 CFU/100ml to more than 40,000 CFU/100ml, and geometric mean storm densities ranged from 1.7 CFU/100ml to more than 7,000 CFU/100ml. Fecal coliform densities correlated well with flow during storms, but Cryptosporidium oocyst densities exhibited a great deal of sample to sample variability and were not correlated with flow. Fecal coliform densities did not correlate positively with Cryptosporidium oocyst densities. Fecal coliform densities were greatest at storm peaks, when sediment loads were also greatest. Multiple transport mechanisms for fecal coliform bacteria and C. parvum oocysts may necessitate various agricultural land management and livestock health maintenance practices to control movement of pathogens to karst ground water. 相似文献
54.
An inventory was conducted to assess the number, type, spatial distribution, and costs of microbiological monitoring programs
in southern California marine waters from Point Conception to the US/Mexico International Border. The location of each sampling
site was determined using global positioning system (GPS), and estimates of geographic coverage were determined using geographic
information system (GIS) techniques. Twenty-one programs conducted 87,007 tests annually at 576 sites in the study area. The
largest number of sites was sampled in Orange County, whereas the largest number of analyses was performed in Los Angeles
County because monitoring programs in this area focused on daily monitoring. Fifteen of the 21 programs were managed by National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permitted sewage effluent dischargers who sampled both offshore and shoreline
waters and typically tested for three indicator bacteria (total coliform, fecal coliform, and enterococcus). Their combined
efforts comprised 82% of all of the microbiological indicator analyses conducted on an annual basis. Five of the remaining
monitoring organizations were public health agencies, which typically focus their efforts on testing only total coliforms.
Laboratory methodology also varied considerably, with NPDES permittees predominantly utilizing membrane filtration while public
health agencies generally used multiple tube fermentation or premanufactured test kits. Nearly three quarters of all the effort
expended in southern California occurred along the shoreline as opposed to offshore locations. Two thirds of this shoreline
effort was focused on high-use sandy beaches and in proximity to perennial freshwater outlets (storm drains and creeks). Most
sampling occurred at a set of fixed sites that were revisited frequently, but only represented about 7% of the total shoreline.
We estimated that roughly $3 million is spent annually on monitoring bathing water quality in southern California, exceeding
that spent in any other part of the country. 相似文献
55.
D. R. Edwards B. T. Larson T T Lim 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》2000,36(4):711-721
ABSTRACT: Grazed pastures represent a potential source of non‐point pollution. In comparison to other nonpoint sources (e.g., row‐cropped lands), relatively little information exists regarding possible magnitudes of pollution from grazed pasture; how that pollution is affected by weather, soil, management and other variables; and how the pollution can be minimized. The objective of this study was to assess how the quality of runoff from fescue plots is influenced by duration of cattle manure application (4–12 weeks) and manure application strategy (none, weekly application of 1.4 kg/plot, and monthly application at 5.6 kg/plot). Additional analyses were performed to relate runoff quality to the timing of sample collection. The study was conducted at the University of Kentucky Maine Chance Agricultural Experiment Station north of Lexington. Plots (2.4 m wide by 6.1 m long) were constructed and established in Kentucky 31 fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to represent pasture. Grazing was simulated by application of beef cattle manure to the plots. Runoff was generated by applying simulated rainfall approximately 4, S and 12 weeks following initiation of manure application. Runoff samples were collected and analyzed according to standard methods for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and fecal coliforms (FC). Runoff concentrations of N and P from manure‐treated plots were low and generally not consistently different from control plot concentrations or related to manure application strategy. Runoff FC concentrations from manure‐treated plots were higher than from control plot concentrations. Runoff concentrations of ammonia N, total Kjeldahl N, ortho‐P and FC decreased approximately exponentially in response to increasing time of sample collection. These findings suggest that manure deposition on well‐managed pasture at the rates used in this study might have a negligible impact on nutrient content of runoff. 相似文献
56.
57.
Kent W. Thornton Joe F. Nix Jimmy D. Bragg 《Journal of the American Water Resources Association》1980,16(1):86-92
ABSTRACT: Knowledge of coliform transport and disappearance may provide information for project design and operation that minimizes potential water quality problems such as the violation of body contact recreation standards. Storm events were sampled in the Caddo River above DeGray Reservoir, Arkansas, and then tracked through the reservoir using the increased turbidity associated with the storm flows. Fecal coliforms were sampled both in the river and throughout the water column in the reservoir. In general, increased fecal coliform concentrations were closely associated with the increased turbidity resulting from the storm flows. This association existed for all three types of turbidity plume movement - overflow, interflow, and underflow. As the turbidity plume moved down the reservoir, fecal coliform concentrations decreased due to die-off, settling, and dilution. With several assumptions, it is possible to use this information to assist in locating recreational sites in a reservoir or to anticipate possible body contact standard violations at existing recreation sites. 相似文献
58.
河水紫外线消毒的研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本文对河水紫外线消毒进行了研究,得到了水的浊度,水层厚度以及辐射时间与总大肠菌群存活率之间的相关关系,试验结果表明,当浊度≤12度,水层厚度≤72mm辐射时间为5分钟时,消毒后出水中的总大肠菌群数≤3个/L,并且电耗为0.29kw/m^3,该试验结果可作为工程设计的依据。 相似文献
59.
60.
我国聚集性活动的频度和规模越来越大,活动中应急厕所的大量使用已成常态。然而,不免存在厕所基础设施不完善、粪污处理措施不合适而导致的不安全、不卫生、不环保等问题。因此,聚集性活动中应急厕所技术受到了越来越多的关注。应急厕所设施和粪污处理方式的选择,一方面与环境条件的限制有关,另一方面与使用者的需求发展有关。归纳了聚集性活动中厕所系统粪污处理流程,提出了聚集性活动中应急厕所粪污处理典型模式,以及现有模式的缺陷和未来的发展方向,以期为聚集性活动中的厕所技术和系统模式选择及技术研发方向提供参考。 相似文献