地震作用下土‐深埋地下结构相互作用的高效时程分析方法∗

基于黏弹性边界和将场地地震反应转化为等效荷载的有限元直接法是目前进行地震作用下土-结构相互作用分析的常用时程分析方法之一。当结构埋深较深时,整个土-结构系统的有限元模型自由度数目较多,尤其对于三维问题,计算效率低。提出一种高效分析方法,即一维场地反应分析仍然针对整个深厚土层,在后续的土-结构相互作用分析中将土-结构计算模型的自由表面向下移动、底边界面向上移动到接近结构的位置,通过缩减土-结构相互作用模型尺寸来提高计算效率。采用理论分析与数值算例,通过与采用整个深厚土层的传统土-结构相互作用分析结果对比,说明提出的高效分析方法能够满足精度要求,并且针对不同结构尺寸、结构埋深和围岩等级给出上、下人工边界位置的建议。     

烟花爆竹禁燃对春节期间东北地区空气质量影响评估

利用2015—2017年春节期间东北地区主要大气污染物(PM_(10)、PM_(2.5)、SO_2、NO_2、CO和O3)质量浓度监测资料及相应气象因子(温度、湿度、风速和气压)观测资料,分析了春节期间烟花爆竹禁燃对东北地区空气质量的影响。结果表明:随着东北地区主要城市禁燃力度的增强,空气质量逐年提升,PM_(2.5)和SO_2浓度逐年大幅度下降。禁燃可明显降低城区PM_(2.5)浓度,而由于春节期间污染源整体减少,城区和城郊监测点PM_(2.5)浓度值差异减小。烟花爆竹对PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)浓度影响高于对气体污染物SO_2、NO_2和CO的影响。此外,气象条件对东北地区春节期间禁燃改善空气质量的效果也有明显影响。因此,结合春节期间的气象条件,在东北地区实施禁燃政策动态调整非常必要。     

一株产生低水平量N2O的好氧反硝化菌

在装液量为2.5L发酵罐中对一株高效好氧反硝化菌Delftia tsuruhatensis设计三因素二水平L(423)的正交实验,对其进行N2O控逸最优条件的研究,三个因素分别为碳氮比(COD/N)、溶解氧和pH。结果发现,对该菌株N2O气体影响最大的因素为COD/N,其次为DO和pH值。在最优条件(碳源为柠檬酸三钠、COD/N=15、DO=30%饱和溶解氧、pH=7.5)下,该菌产N2O气体总量为0.20mg,N2O-N产量占TIN去除量的0.04%。     

Effect of pavement condition and geometrics at signalised intersections on casualty crashes

IntroductionThis study investigated the effects of pavement surface condition and other control factors on casualty crashes at signalized intersections. It involved conducting a before and after study for road surface condition and situational factors. It also included assessing the effects of geometric characteristics on safety performance of signalized intersections post resurfacing to control for the effect of pavement surface condition. Pavement surface condition included roughness, rutting, and skid resistance. The control factors included traffic volume, light and surface moisture condition, and speed limit. The geometric characteristics included approach width, number of lanes, intersection depth, presence of median, presence of shared lane, and presence of bus stop.MethodTo account for the repeated observations of the effect of light and surface moisture conditions in four occasions (day-dry, day-wet, night-dry and night-wet) Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) with Negative Binomial (NB) and log link function was applied. For each signalized intersection in the sample, condition data are collected for the year before and after the year of surface treatment. Crash data, however, are collected for a minimum of three and maximum of five years before and after treatment years.ResultsThe results show that before treatment, light condition, road surface moisture condition, and skid resistance interaction with traffic volume are the significant contributors to crash occurrence. For after treatment; light condition, road surface moisture condition, their interaction product, and roughness interaction with light condition, surface moisture condition, and traffic volume are the significant contributors. The geometric variables that were found to have significant effects on crash frequency post resurfacing were approach width interactions with presence of shared lane, bus stop, or median.ConclusionsThe findings confirm that resurfacing is significant in reducing crash frequency and severity levels.Practical Applications: The study findings would help for better understanding of how geometric characteristics can be improved to reduce crash occurrence.     

Mechanisms of allicin exposure for the sludge fermentation enhancement: Focusing on the fermentation processes and microbial metabolic traits

As a frequently used product with antimicrobial activity, consumed allicin might be discharged and concentrated in waste-activated sludge (WAS). However, the influence of allicin (as an exogenous pollutant) on WAS fermentation has not been clearly revealed. This study aimed to disclose the impacts of allicin on volatile fatty acid (VFA) generation during WAS fermentation. The results showed that the appropriate presence of allicin (10 mg/g TSS) significantly enhanced the VFA yield (1894 versus 575 mg COD/L in the control) with increased acetate proportion (24.3%). Further exploration found that allicin promoted WAS solubilization, hydrolysis and acidification simultaneously. Metagenomic analysis revealed that the key genes involved in extracellular hydrolysis metabolism (i.e., CAZymes), membrane transport (i.e., gtsA and ytfT), substrate metabolism (i.e., yhdR and pfkC) and fatty acid synthesis (i.e., accA and accD) were all highly expressed. Allicin also induced the bacteria to produce more signalling molecules and regulate cellular functions, thereby enhancing the microbial adaptive and regulatory capacity to the unfavourable environment. Moreover, the variations in fermentative microbes and their contributions to the upregulation of functional genes (i.e., ytfR, gltL, INV, iolD and pflD) for VFA generation were disclosed. Overall, the simultaneous stimulation of functional microbial abundances and metabolic activities contributed to VFA production in allicin-conditioned reactors.     

Assessing biological variation from the perspective of diversity

Particularly in ecological and evolutionary genetics, methods of discerning complex traits are improving at a considerable rate. As a consequence, the resolution of intrinsically qualitative traits such as species affiliation or genetic type is increasing to degrees that blur their distinction from continuously varying characteristics. The common notion of diversity, however, relies on distinct features such as the states of qualitative traits, and it aims to assess variation as a counting of these features or types. This situation brings up the question of whether and how the diversity perspective of variation can be broadened to cover higher levels of complexity without sacrificing its concept. The present paper suggests two approaches that refer to established criteria for measures of diversity and that complement each other. The partitions approach treats complexity through general measures of difference between trait states, and the relations approach rests on general binary relations that capture structural aspects of diversity. Both approaches are shown to consistently imply effective numbers of types even in cases where distinct types are not explicitly specified. Practically all of the common methods of measuring diversity can be classified into either of the two approaches, and new opportunities for analyses of the diversity of complex traits are provided. The latter analyses include those of diversity in subdivided collections. Other perspectives of variation (such as dispersion, variances, etc.) are discussed and analyzed for their distinction from the diversity perspective. In many cases, the distinction can be made apparent with the help of diversity portraits.     

养猪舍不同发酵床垫料重金属Zn累积特征初探

为了研究养猪舍不同发酵床垫料及发酵床底部表层土壤中重金属Zn的累积特征与活性大小,以节约经济成本和适宜猪生长发育为前提选取3种发酵床垫料组合：FJ（40%稻壳＋60%菌糠）、FD（40%稻壳＋60%锯木屑）、FW（40%稻壳＋60%酒糟）,采用物质流分析（MFA）和潜在生态危害评价的方法进行研究。结果表明,一个在养猪周期过后,重金属Zn在垫料FD中累积量较大;而不同垫料对Zn活性大小的影响不同,FD中有效态Zn活性显著高于其他2种,所占比例高达25.01%,其次是FJ＆gt;FW（P＆lt;0.05）;表层土壤中,有效态Zn活性高低差异不显著（P＆gt;0.05）。所选取的3种垫料中,尽管Zn在FJ中累积量最小,渗漏到土壤中的全量Zn与有效态活性与其他2种垫料无明显差异,然而其潜在生态风险最小,因此从控制Zn污染角度出发,该配比垫料优于FD与FW。经过潜在生态危害评价分析,3种垫料在养殖结束后其潜在生态危害均未超过轻微生态危害临界值（Eir≤40）,在不断补充垫料的前提下发酵床可以使用约10年。     

GB/T 20626.3-2006标准要求和发展解析

由于我国特有的高原环境气候,电工电子产品和设备受雷电、污秽与凝露的影响,性能有较大的变化,本标准的要求目的在于增强电工电子产品和设备在高原雷电、污秽与凝露条件下的适应性能,提高电工电子产品和设备在高原特殊环境条件下的可靠性水平,规范生产、配套和使用行为准则。     

北京地区2019年2~3月供暖结束前后两次污染过程特征分析

以2019年2~3月北京两次污染过程为例,针对气象要素及污染物浓度进行特征分析,利用后向轨迹及WRF-CAMx模式,分析供暖结束前后的污染物演变规律,并探讨气象条件、区域输送及二次转化等对污染过程的影响.结果表明,2月21~24日（过程1）和3月18~20日（过程2）平均ρ（PM_2.5）差异不大,分别为100.1 μg·m^-3和97.2 μg·m^-3,但过程1平均峰值偏高、日变化明显、过程发展迅速和有两个峰值阶段,且为区域性污染,而过程2更倾向于北京局地污染.两次过程逐时ρ（SO₂）均不超16 μg·m^-3,供暖燃煤治理效果显著,但过程1的SO₂存在夜间次峰值,体现供暖排放影响.过程1的ρ（CO）较高,尤其是2月21~22日前后ρ（CO）/ρ（SO₂）升高,且区域中南部城市及北京南部背景站污染高于城区,表明过程1扩散条件不利,且第一个峰值主要受区域输送影响.过程2的ρ（PM_2.5）/ρ（CO）偏高,表明二次生成PM_2.5占比略大;ρ（NO₂）/ρ（CO）、ρ（SO₂）/ρ（CO）和ρ（SO₄^2-）/ρ（PM_2.5）偏大,SOR与过程1持平,表明过程1更有利于气体相态转化,过程2受工业燃煤影响更大.但将过程1分阶段分析显示,过程1第二阶段与过程2的PM_2.5二次生成指征相似,均高于过程1第一阶段,即过程1第二个峰值与过程2主要与本地排放和化学转化相关.WRF-CMAx对污染物演变趋势有较好的再现能力.同化试验对PM_2.5趋势模拟显著提升,提高了与观测的相关性,但模拟值偏低;对NO₂的模拟2月偏低、3月偏高,对SO₂模拟明显偏高有一定纠正;此外,过程2中北京污染物浓度对河北的敏感性相对过程1偏低,即过程1受区域输送影响更大.模式对污染暴发性增长的模拟亟待提升,污染物种类对减排的响应及大气氧化剂和气溶胶性质相关的反馈等可能是影响模拟效果的重要原因,需进一步研究.     

漠河低温工作极值及其统计方法探讨

为提高漠河试验站低温工作极值统计的准确性,推进低温工作极值在装备低温环境适应性评估中的应用.以最低温度、平均温度、小于–35℃的天数为基准条件,分别统计了漠河不同年份的低温工作极值,研究了基准条件、统计年份、数据缺失情况对严酷月确定和工作极值的影响.基准条件、统计年份、数据缺失都会影响严酷月的确定和低温工作极值的统计,统计年份的影响比基准条件大,数据缺失影响的严重性需要看数据缺失的多少和时间段.工作极值结果至少包括数据年限、基准条件、严酷月、时间风险率、与时间风险率对应的工作极值等内容.1991—2005年,时间风险率为1％、5％、10％、20％、30％的最低温度工作极值分别为:–44.0、–40.7、–38.1、–35.6、–33.6℃.