Assessing biological variation from the perspective of diversity

Particularly in ecological and evolutionary genetics, methods of discerning complex traits are improving at a considerable rate. As a consequence, the resolution of intrinsically qualitative traits such as species affiliation or genetic type is increasing to degrees that blur their distinction from continuously varying characteristics. The common notion of diversity, however, relies on distinct features such as the states of qualitative traits, and it aims to assess variation as a counting of these features or types. This situation brings up the question of whether and how the diversity perspective of variation can be broadened to cover higher levels of complexity without sacrificing its concept. The present paper suggests two approaches that refer to established criteria for measures of diversity and that complement each other. The partitions approach treats complexity through general measures of difference between trait states, and the relations approach rests on general binary relations that capture structural aspects of diversity. Both approaches are shown to consistently imply effective numbers of types even in cases where distinct types are not explicitly specified. Practically all of the common methods of measuring diversity can be classified into either of the two approaches, and new opportunities for analyses of the diversity of complex traits are provided. The latter analyses include those of diversity in subdivided collections. Other perspectives of variation (such as dispersion, variances, etc.) are discussed and analyzed for their distinction from the diversity perspective. In many cases, the distinction can be made apparent with the help of diversity portraits.     

抗生素药生产废水处理工艺改进研究

企业抗生素废水经原有工艺处理后污染物指标偏高,且不稳定。工艺通过采用增加初沉池和二沉池、污泥回用等改进措施,COD、氨氮等排放浓度下降且稳定排放,改进效果明显。     

均匀设计法优化樟芝产三萜液体发酵条件

为在兼顾生物量的基础上提高液体发酵中三萜的百分含量,首先通过单因子试验筛选出最佳的碳源、氮源、无机盐,然后采用均匀设计(UD)对其培养基配比和培养条件进行优化试验,建立适当的数学模型,并对模型进行验证确定优化条件.单因子试验结果表明玉米淀粉既能促进菌丝体的生长,又能促进三萜的合成;麸皮虽然对菌体生长略有不利,但是对三萜的积累作用特别显著;硫酸镁对菌丝体生长效果不显著,但是对三萜的合成比较有利.均匀设计试验结果表明,菌丝体干重最大的培养条件和三萜的最优培养条件相差甚远.菌丝体干重的最优培养条件为:1 L培养液中玉米淀粉47 g,麸皮47 g,硫酸镁0.5 g,初始pH 3.0,培养7 d;三萜最佳培养基配方为:1 L培养液中玉米淀粉20 g,麸皮20 g,硫酸镁1.85 g,初始pH 3.0,培养16 d.菌丝体干重在最优条件下能达到15.58(±0.37)g L-1;三萜百分含量在最优培养条件下高达6.04(±0.03)%,三萜的百分含量比基础发酵结果和报道的最高发酵结果3.18%提高了90%,因此,均匀设计法能有效优化液体发酵培养条件     

氨化预处理对生物质秸秆厌氧发酵的影响

为探明氨化预处理对小麦秸秆干式厌氧发酵产气量影响的内在原因,采用傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、视频光学接触角测定仪（GBX）、热重分析（TGA）等方法,对氨化处理前后小麦秸秆中纤维结构的变化进行了多方面研究。结果表明,氨化预处理使小麦秸秆纤维部分官能团发生断裂,表层的亲水性增加,秸秆的热稳定性提高,并且氨化作用对纤维结构的破坏,有利于厌氧微生物接触到更多的可发酵物质,提高了秸秆的利用率,也表明小麦秸秆纤维结构的变化是厌氧发酵产气量提高的主要原因。     

四川省城市声环境质量状况与分析

根据四川省2007年城市功能区声环境、城市区域声环境和道路交通声环境数据,阐明全省城市声环境质量现状,分析城市声源构成、各等级声覆盖率及其变化趋势.与国内一般情况相比,四川省城市声源构成具有社会生活噪声影响范围更最广,交通噪声影响范围较小等特点.四川省城市环境质量状况总体上处于较好水平,且有逐年下降趋势.同时,存在部分不同程度的噪声污染区,甚至存在一定程度的重度污染区.     

基于物联网技术的设备状态维修安全管理研究

随着物联网(IOT)技术的不断发展,状态维修(CBM)理论逐步运用于设备安全管理中。通过构建基于物联网技术的设备状态维修安全管理体系,建立CBM预测决策模型,并通过设备轴承状态维修的例证来说明模型的可用性。结果表明:设备实现物联网后,基于物联网技术的设备状态维修安全管理是科学可行的,便于设备的维修管理,提高设备的安全工作寿命。     

北京地区冬春PM2.5和PM10污染水平时空分布及其与气象条件的关系

北京2012~2013年的冬春多次出现雾霾天气,可吸入颗粒物(PM10)污染严重.而PM2.5作为PM10中粒径较小的部分,在PM10中所占比重越高,污染越严重.因此,本研究选取了能够覆盖北京所有区县的30个PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度监测点,对该地区的PM2.5和PM10污染特征进行分析,确定其空间差异特征和时间性变化特征.普通克里格插值(Original Kriging)法得到的北京地区冬、春季颗粒物浓度分布图显示,颗粒物浓度从北部山区到南部地区逐渐递增,在中心城区处,西部高于东部,且局部地区存在一定的城乡差异.颗粒物浓度月变化曲线呈单峰单谷型,1月最高,4月最低;逐日变化反映了PM2.5和PM10浓度具有较好的相关性,且受气象条件影响显著;日变化呈双峰趋势.本文选取日平均气温(℃)、相对湿度(%)、风速(风级)、降水量(mm)等气象因子,利用Spearman秩相关分析研究各个气象因子对大气PM2.5和PM10浓度的影响.北京冬季PM2.5和PM10的质量浓度分别与气温、相对湿度正相关,与风速负相关,风速和相对湿度是影响污染物质量浓度分布的主要因素.     

水解曝气生物滤池处理含油废水的试验研究(水解段)

针对含石油废水的特点,采用"水解-曝气生物滤池"两段式工艺对大庆油田经过滤后的含油废水原水进行处理,考察了水解段的运行效果,确定了水解段工艺的最优工况,并对影响系统运行效果的主要因素进行了深入的试验研究和理论分析。     

阜新市典型乡镇集中式饮用水水源地环境状况综合评估

对阜新市8个典型乡镇集中式饮用水水源地开展基础环境调查和采样监测分析,建立了集中式饮用水水源地环境状况评估的指标体系,对水源地环境状况进行全面评估,分析了各水源地存在的主要问题和原因。     

Digestion performance and microbial community in full-scale methane fermentation of stillage from sweet potato-shochu production

Sweet potato shochu is a traditional Japanese spirit produced mainly in the South Kyushu area in Japan. The amount of stillage reaches approximately 8 × 105tons per year. Wastewater mainly containing stillage from the production of sweet potato-shochu was treated thermophilically in a fullscale treatment plant using fixed-bed reactors(8 reactors × 283 m3). Following the addition of Ni2+ and Co2+, the reactors have been stably operated for six years at a high chemical oxygen demand(COD) loading rate of 14 kg/(m3·day). Analysis of coenzyme content and microbial communities indicated that similar microbial communities were present in the liquid phase and on the fiber carriers installed in reactors. Bacteria in the phyla Firmicutes as well as Bacteroidetes were dominant bacteria, and Methanosarcina thermophila as well as Methanothermobacter crinale were dominant methanogens in the reactors. This study reveals that stillage from sweet potato-shochu production can be treated effectively in a full-scale fixed-bed reactor under thermophilic conditions with the help of Ni2+and Co2+. The high diversity of bacterial community and the coexistence of both aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogens contributed to the excellent fermentation performance.