Importance of information on tillage practices in the modelling of environmental processes and in the use of environmental indicators

Tillage has been and will always be integral to crop production. Tillage can result in the degradation of soil, water, and air quality. Of all farm management practices, tillage may have the greatest impact on the environment. A wide variety of tillage equipment, practices and systems are available to farmers, providing opportunities to enhance environmental performance. These opportunities have made tillage a popular focus of environmental policies and programs such as environmental indicators for agriculture. This paper provides a very brief examination of the role of tillage in crop production, its effect on biophysical processes and, therefore, its impact on the environment. Models of biophysical processes are briefly examined to demonstrate the importance of tillage relative to other farm management practices and to demonstrate the detail of tillage data that these models can demand. The focus of this paper is an examination of the use of information on tillage in Canada's agri-environmental indicators initiative, National Agri-environmental Health Analysis and Reporting Program (NAHARP). Information on tillage is required for several of the indicators in NAHARP. The type of data used, its source, and its quality are discussed. Recommendations regarding the collection of tillage data and use of tillage information are presented.     

RESERVOIR SEDIMENTATION RATES LINKED TO LONG-TERM CHANGES IN AGRICULTURAL LANI) USE1

ABSTRACT: Long-term land use and reservoir sedimentation were quantified and linked in a small agricultural reservoir-watershed system without having historical data. Land use was determined from a time sequence of aerial photographs, and reservoir sedimentation was determined from cores with ¹³⁷Cs dating techniques. They were linked by relating sediment deposition to potential sediment production which was determined by the Universal Soil Loss Equation and by SCS estimates for gullied land. Sediment cores were collected from Tecumseh Lake, a 55-ha reservoir with a 1,189-ha agricultural watershed, constructed in 1934 in central Oklahoma. Reservoir sediment deposition decreased from an average of 5,933 Mg/yr from 1934 to 1954, to 3,179 Mg/yr from 1954 to 1962, and finally to 1,017 Mg/yr from 1962 to 1987. Potential sediment production decreased from an average of 29,892 to 11,122 and then to 3,589 Mg/yr for the same time periods as above, respectively. Reductions in deposition and sediment production corresponded to reductions in cultivated and abandoned cropland which became perennial pasture. Together, cultivated and abandoned cropland accounted for 59 percent of the watershed in 1937, 24 percent in 1954, and 10 percent in 1962. Roadway erosion, stream bank erosion, stored stream channel sediment, and long-term precipitation were considered, but none seemed to play a significant role in changing sediment deposition rates. Instead, the dominant factor was the conversion of fields to perennial pastures. The effect of conservation measures on reservoir sedimentation can now be quantified for many reservoirs where historical data is not available.     

抑尘剂效果评价指标准确性分析

为提高煤矿安全保障能力和职业健康水平,降低煤尘尘肺病等职业病危害,快速且准确判断不同抑尘剂的抑尘效果,研究煤尘抑制剂的固化层厚度、抗风蚀特性、单轴抗压强度(UCS)、贯穿阻力等常用性能评价指标,通过各评价指标的试验方法、不同影响因素下性能差异分析各评价指标的准确性。分析结果表明:使用固化层厚度、抗风蚀特性、UCS评价指标来判断煤尘抑制效果较差,贯穿阻力能较好地判断煤尘的抑制效果。     

气固两相流下球阀磨损特性研究

旋塞球阀是钻柱内防喷系统中的关键设备,在气固两相流下球阀易受磨损而失效,并造成严重的井喷事故。为此,将计算流体动力学理论与冲蚀磨损理论相结合,运用FLUENT软件对球阀壁面在气固两相流下的磨损分布情况进行研究,并进一步分析了球阀结构参数对于球阀壁面磨损的影响规律。结果表明:当气固两相流流经球阀时,固体颗粒会与气流分离,并在壁面上产生三处磨损集中区;随着球阀开度的减小,球阀壁面磨损量会急剧增大,且阀球内通道壁面上的磨损集中区由块状逐步转化为带状,而球阀出口处的磨损集中区则会逐渐向下移动;球阀流道直径的减小也会使得壁面磨损量增加,但磨损集中区的分布基本不变。研究结果可为进一步优化球阀流道结构以减轻其壁面磨损提供理论依据。     

Detention Outlet Retrofit Improves the Functionality of Existing Detention Basins by Reducing Erosive Flows in Receiving Channels

By discharging excess stormwater at rates that more frequently exceed the critical flow for stream erosion, conventional detention basins often contribute to increased channel instability in urban and suburban systems that can be detrimental to aquatic habitat and water quality, as well as adjacent property and infrastructure. However, these ubiquitous assets, valued at approximately $600,000 per km² in a representative suburban watershed, are ideal candidates to aid in reversing such cycles of channel degradation because improving their functionality would not necessarily require property acquisition or heavy construction. The objective of this research was to develop a simple, cost‐effective device that could be installed in detention basin outlets to reduce the erosive power of the relatively frequent storm events (~ < two‐year recurrence) and provide a passive bypass to maintain flood control performance during infrequent storms (such as the 100‐year recurrence). Results from a pilot installation show that the Detain H₂O device reduced the cumulative sediment transport capacity of the preretrofit condition by greater than 40%, and contributed to reduced flashiness and prolonged baseflows in receiving streams. When scaling the strategy across a watershed, these results suggest that potential gains in water quality and stream channel stability could be achieved at costs that are orders of magnitude less than comparable benefits from newly constructed stormwater control measures.     

输变电工程在不同阶段的水土流失防治责任范围变化分析——以四川省500kV输变电工程为例

通过对四川省6个500kV输变电工程的水土保持设施验收技术评估工作,分析比较了上述工程水土流失防治责任范围在水土保持方案报告书（可研）阶段、工程建设期以及运行期的变化情况,结果表明建设期水土流失防治责任范围面积占水土保持方案报告书的50％～70％,运行期水土流失防治责任范围面积占建设期的30％～50％。     

Hydro-abrasive erosion in hydro turbines: a review

The flow of sediment particles in rivers is a big challenge to develop hydropower plants across the sediment-laden rivers. Hard particles such as quartz and feldspar are available in high amount in the Asian mountain range. The abrasive action of these particles causes the hydro turbines to suffer from erosion in particular at high- and medium-head hydroelectric power plants. This has become a serious economic issue due to maintenance costs and production losses. The treatment without prevention is simply unsustainable. Facilities for sediment exclusion, typically sand traps as well as turbine design, and materials have been improved considerably. In the present paper, studies have been discussed extensively undertaken by several investigators in this field. Based on literature survey several aspects related to reducing the sediment load on turbines, useful ways to improve the turbine surface performance and various erosion models to characterize the effect of erosion on the performance of turbines have been discussed. To calibrate and validate the developed erosion models, more measurements from both physical model tests in laboratories and continuous monitoring of sediment parameters and their impact on the operational hydro turbines are required. As well as the state-of-art in the modeling and simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) has made it possible to optimize the hydraulic design of hydro turbines in order to minimize the erosion level without much sacrifice in the efficiency. To mitigate the hydro-abrasive erosion effects on the performance of turbines, significant improvements have been achieved so far and development is ongoing.     

风蚀扬尘抑尘剂效率测试方法与应用

风蚀扬尘抑尘剂是一种控制风蚀扬尘的有效措施,探讨使用便携式风洞(PI-SWERL)测试风蚀扬尘抑尘剂效率的方法,并对比国内外2种抑尘剂对风蚀扬尘PM2. 5的抑制效率,以研究喷洒方式、稀释倍数和风速对抑尘效率的影响.结果表明:①按照推荐的稀释倍数分别配置G和Enviroseal(ES)抑尘剂水溶液并测试,液滴喷洒方式对应的抑尘效率优于雾化喷洒方式,在17. 2 m·s~(-1)(相当于8级风)风速时G抑尘剂效率(99. 5%)优于ES抑尘剂(94. 0%)和水(77. 5%);②对稀释倍数为50、100、150、200和400倍的G抑尘剂进行测试,在17. 2 m·s~(-1)风速时,抑尘效率分别为99. 7%、99. 5%、99. 7%、98. 1%和95. 9%,可根据抑尘效率变化拐点确定抑尘剂最佳成本效益稀释倍数;在13. 1～17. 2 m·s~(-1)风速范围内,抑尘效率随风速增加而增加.③使用便携式风洞测试风蚀扬尘抑尘剂效率的方法,可以量化抑尘剂对风蚀扬尘PM2. 5的抑制效率,建议对风蚀扬尘抑尘剂开展抑尘有效期和环境友好性测试.     

珠江流域河流碳输出通量及变化特征

研究河流碳运移对于研究全球碳循环以及探讨河流对全球气候变化的响应机制具有重要意义.2012年4月和7月选取珠江主流及支流11个代表性断面,分析悬浮颗粒物和碳组分的空间分布和季节变化,同时选取博罗、石角和高要这3个主控断面,对珠江流域的碳通量和侵蚀模数进行了估算.结果表明,珠江流域悬浮颗粒物(TSS)、颗粒有机碳(POC)以及溶解有机碳(DOC)随雨季的到来而质量浓度升高,西江上游TSS和POC的质量浓度增加显著;珠江流域河流碳的4种组分中,溶解无机碳(DIC)的所占质量分数最高,且西江、北江的DIC质量浓度明显高于东江;西江、北江和东江河流中外源POC分别占78%、72%和26%,三大支流的POC均受上游C3植物的影响;珠江流域的TSS、总碳(TC)、POC、颗粒无机碳(PIC)、DOC、DIC、以及颗粒碳(TPC)、总有机碳(TOC)的入海通量分别为134×1012、12.69×1012、2.50×1012、1.01×1012、1.13×1012、8.05×1012、3.51×1012和3.65×1012g·a-1,对应的侵蚀模数分别为:309×106、28.98×106、5.75×106、2.27×106、2.56×106、18.4×106、8.02×106和8.31×106g·(km2.a)-1.与全球主要河流碳侵蚀模数相比,珠江流域河流DOC、POC和TOC的侵蚀模数均高于全球平均值.