阜新市环境空气质量模糊综合评价

通过数据采集和选取主要影响因子,建立模糊综合评价数学模型对阜新市区2010年6～9月环境空气质量状况进行评价,结果表明评价期间市区月平均空气质量均达到国家二级标准,属于轻度污染状况,但夜间空气质量仅达到国家三级标准.同时空气中含有相对较多的可吸入颗粒物严重损害了人体健康.     

“十一五”期间黑龙江省环境空气中可吸入颗粒物变化趋势及影响

随着经济的快速发展和物质生活的日益提高,维护生态环境和提高环境质量越来越成为社会的迫切需要。已有研究成果表明,大气中的可吸入颗粒物对人体健康和生态环境有很大的影响。在中国空气质量超标的城市中,68%都存在可吸入颗粒物污染的问题。本文通过对"十一五"期间黑龙江省环境空气中可吸入颗粒物监测数据实证分析,总结了近五年全省环境空气中可吸入颗粒物变化趋势,研究了可吸入颗粒物浓度变化对环境空气质量的影响。     

上海市嘉定区大气颗粒物网格化监测

目的深入研究大气网格化监测的实际应用。方法利用2017—2018年上海市嘉定区大气网格化监测数据,对嘉定区颗粒物浓度变化趋势进行分析,同时结合颗粒物激光雷达扫描数据,对颗粒物污染过程进行解析。结果颗粒物污染浓度水平较高的区域主要集中在嘉定北部地区。2017年PM10和PM2.5浓度均表现出冬季>春季>夏季>秋季的趋势。在东北偏北风向条件下,发生区域传输污染时,污染较重区域集中在嘉定的东部和中部;在风速较小的静稳条件下,企业夜间排放的大量废气极易对周边区域空气质量产生影响,夜间到次日凌晨浓度值不断升高,次日凌晨5时45分的PM2.5的浓度值为前一日20时浓度值的3.1倍。结论大气网格化监测的实施及配套大气减排监管工作开展,使嘉定区环境质量改善明显。     

Influence of different weather events on concentrations of particulate matter with different sizes in Lanzhou, China

The formation and development of weather events has a great impact on the diffusion, accumulation and transport of air pollutants, and causes great changes in the particulate pollution level. It is very important to study their influence on particulate pollution. Lanzhou is one of the most particulate-polluted cities in China and even in the world. Particulate matter (PM) including TSP, PM_>10, PM_2.5-10, PM_2.5 and PM_1.0 concentrations were simultaneously measured during 2005-2007 in Lanzhou to evaluate the influence of three kinds of weather events - dust, precipitation and cold front - on the concentrations of PM with different sizes and detect the temporal evolution. The main results are as follows: (1) the PM pollution in Lanzhou during dust events was very heavy and the rate of increase in the concentration of PM_2.5-10 was the highest of the five kinds of particles. During dust-storm events, the highest peaks of the concentrations of fine particles (PM_2.5 and PM_1.0) occurred 3 hr later than those of coarse particles (PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10). (2) The major effect of precipitation events on PM is wet scavenging. The scavenging rates of particles were closely associated with the kinds of precipitation events. The scavenging rates of TSP, PM_>10 and PM_2.5-10 by convective precipitation were several times as high as those caused by frontal precipitation for the same precipitation amount, the reason being the different formation mechanism and precipitation characteristics of the two kinds of precipitation. Moreover, there exists a limiting value for the scavenging rates of particles by precipitation. (3) The major effect of cold-front events on particles is clearance. However, during cold-front passages, the PM concentrations could sometimes rise first and decrease afterwards, which is the critical difference in the influence of cold fronts on the concentrations of particulate pollutants vs. gaseous pollutants.     

Impacts of continuously regenerating trap and particle oxidation catalyst on the NO2 and particulate matter emissions emitted from diesel engine

Two continuously regenerating diesel particulate filter (CRDPF) with different configurations and one particles oxidation catalyst (POC) were employed to perform experiments in a controlled laboratory setting to evaluate their effects on NO₂, smoke and particle number emissions. The results showed that the application of the after-treatments increased the emission ratios of NO₂/NO_x significantly. The results of smoke emissions and particle number (PN) emissions indicated that both CRDPFs had sufficient capacity to remove more than 90% of total particulate matter (PM) and more than 97% of solid particles. However, the POC was able to remove the organic components of total PM, and only partially to remove the carbonaceous particles with size less than 30 nm. The negligible effects of POC on larger particles were observed due to its honeycomb structure leads to an inadequate residence time to oxidize the solid particles or trap them. The particles removal efficiencies of CRDPFs had high degree of correlations with the emission ratio of NO₂/NO_x. The PN emission results from two CRDPFs indicated that more NO₂ generating in diesel oxidation catalyst section could obtain the higher removal efficiency of solid particles. However this also increased the risk of NO₂ exposure in atmosphere.     

中国民用煤燃烧排放细颗粒物中重金属的清单

基于稀释通道采样系统和室内模拟燃烧实测,并搜集全国各省区煤中11种重金属的含量,推算出两种常用民用煤(蜂窝煤和块煤)燃烧排放的细颗粒物(PM_(2.5))中V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb和Pb等11种重金属排放因子.计算了2012年全国(除港、澳、台地区)民用燃煤排放PM_(2.5)中重金属的排放量,并建立了全国30 km×30 km的网格化清单.结果表明,蜂窝煤燃烧排放PM2.5中,Pb、Zn、As和Cu的排放因子较高,分别为27.1、16.8、0.99和0.97 mg·kg-1,分别是块煤的56、6、10和2倍.2012年我国民用燃煤燃烧排放PM_(2.5)中V、Cr、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Sb和Pb的排放总量分别为0.5、30.1、59.5、1.1、29.3、20.0、188.9、64.9、1.6、3.4和176.7 t.湖南、河北、内蒙古、河南和山东等省区民用煤燃烧排放的各种重金属总排放量较高,分别占全国排放总量的12.4%、12.3%、10.4%、9.9%和9.3%.不同重金属的单位面积排放强度与人均排放量显示,北京、河南、山东、湖南、江西、贵州以及内蒙古等地区存在较高的重金属健康风险.空间分布信息显示,Zn和Pb年排放量较大的地区分布较广,主要分布在内蒙古、河北、北京、天津、山东、河南、甘肃、湖南以及江西等省(市)区.本研究所得细粒子中重金属清单可为区域空气质量模拟、人体健康风险评估等提供基础数据.     

Characterising the performance of a tapered scrubber for controlling particulate emission

The performance of a modified tapered scrubber using water is presented in this article. The column is fabricated with internals so as to improve the performance of a simple tapered bubble scrubber. Experimentation indicates that the system developed can obtain almost 100% particulate (fly ash) removal efficiency under certain hydrodynamical conditions and the removal efficiency has been found to be higher than the existing similar systems. An empirical correlation is put forward for the prediction of removal efficiency as a function of relevant variables of the system. Experimental results agree very well with the correlation.     

机动车制动磨损颗粒物及挥发性有机物的组分特征

利用制动惯性实验台测试了6套制动系统,分别采集了制动磨损颗粒物（BWPs）和制动过程中排放的挥发性有机物（VOCs）样品,提取并检测了颗粒物中39种元素、12种水溶性离子、7种碳组分和18种多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量,分析了气体样品中74种VOCs的浓度.含量较高的12种无机元素（即Sb、Mg、Cu、Zn、Ti、Ca、Si、Zr、K、Ba、Al和Fe）在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中的质量分数平均值分别为43.4%和40.3%,其中Fe的质量分数最高,在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中分别为16.6%和13.1%.元素的粒径分布与BWPs质量分布一致.12种水溶性离子在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中的质量分数平均值分别为16.5%和12.6%,其中NO₃^-、SO₄^2-和Ca²⁺的质量分数平均值较高.总碳（TC）在PM_2.5和PM₁₀中的质量分数平均值分别为21.9%和18.1%,有机碳（OC）的质量分数平均值是元素碳（EC）的5倍左右.检出率大于50%的PAHs共有6种,其中萘（Nap）含量最为丰富.74种VOCs的浓度平均值为316.04 μg ·m^-3,其中芳香烃的浓度最高.6套制动系统排放的BWPs组分和VOCs构成的差异较大,主要是由刹车片的品牌和制造使用的材料决定的.     

基于多源综合观测的徐州冬季重污染过程分析

经过多年的大气污染治理,我国的多种大气污染物浓度已呈现显著下降趋势,然而在不利气象条件下仍会导致重污染事件的发生.掌握此类影响较大的偶发重污染事件产生与发展的原因和机制,有助于进行下一步的大气污染预警和防控.本研究以徐州2020年12月中旬的 一次重污染过程为例,通过地面站点观测、激光雷达、模式模拟、颗粒物组分观测与源解析、后向轨迹溯源等手段进行了全方位的观测与分析.结果表明,此次污染过程中颗粒物主要来源为二次离子、燃煤、生物质燃烧、机动车、扬尘等,其中,二次离子占比最高,为37.9%;污染期硫氧化率（SOR）和氮氧化率（NOR）明显高于污染前,增幅分别为176%和82%;污染期主要来自燃煤源的SO₄^2-较污染前升高幅度明显,由5.51 μg·m^-3升高至16.3 μg·m^-3,升幅为196%;生物质燃烧的示踪物K⁺由0.37 μg·m^-3升高至0.83 μg·m^-3,升幅为123%;污染前期,局地高湿、静稳等主要 外在不利气象因素促进了本地污染物的生成;污染中期受山东和安徽等地污染物传输增加的影响,外来源占主导,外源贡献增加至74.4%. 研究表明,因气象和排放等因素的不确定性,致使冬季重污染过程具有复杂性.本研究可为了解大气污染机理及提高区域联防联控提供依据.     

长江感潮河段有机碳的潮汐和季节变化规律

以长江感潮河段─南通段为研究对象,于2019年逐月采集涨潮和落潮期间分层水体样品. 测定了颗粒有机碳（particulate organic carbon, POC）和溶解有机碳（dissolved organic carbon, DOC）浓度,并同步进行了不同营养盐添加的室内模拟实验,测定了生物可降解溶解有机碳（biodegradable DOC, BDOC）的浓度. 研究结果表明,底层POC浓度最高,中层POC浓度最低. POC浓度与潮高呈显著负相关,与水温没有显著相关性. 表层、中层和底层DOC浓度没有显著差异,DOC浓度均值为（7.55 ± 1.50） mg·L^-1. 涨潮和落潮DOC浓度没有显著差异,DOC浓度与水温呈显著正相关. BDOC在DOC中的占比为40.88% ± 13.91%,不同营养盐添加处理的BDOC在DOC中的占比没有显著差异. BDOC浓度和潮高呈显著正相关. 这些研究结果表明,与POC 不同, DOC和BDOC具有显著季节变化规律. 长江下游潮汐作用对有机碳的分布具有重要影响,涨潮对POC产生稀释作用,但促进了DOC生物可降解性的升高.