论小于63μm粒级作为水体颗粒物重金属研究介质的合理性及有关粒级转换模型研究

粒度是影响水体颗粒物中重金属含量的重要因素。研究了与此有关的两个问题：１．对各种粒度校正方法进行了讨论，论证了以小于６３μｍ粒级作为水体颗粒物中重金属研究介质的合理性：２．由于我国文献中大量资料是关于小于５０μｍ粒级颗粒物的，为使其与小于６３μｍ粒级数据有对比性，我们采集了我国东部自北至南地理、水文条件显著不同的十数条河流共２７个表层沉积物样品，对Ｃｕ、Ｐｂ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｄ、Ｃｏ、Ｎｉ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ等７种重金属元素在小于５０μｍ和小于６３μｍ两种粒级中的含量进行了分析，以简约主轴法回归模型Ⅱ建立了两种粒级中重金属含量的回归模型。     

柴油机微粒中可溶性有机成分的真空干燥条件

柴油机碳烟颗粒(PM)中可溶性有机组分(SOF)含量是其重要的特性参数,而真空干燥法可方便、高效、可靠地分析颗粒SOF含量,对其干燥条件的探索具有重要的研究意义和应用价值。首先采用模拟的柴油机颗粒,分析不同的干燥条件对模拟SOF(柴油、润滑油)挥发率的影响规律,得出模拟的SOF分析的最佳干燥条件;在此基础上,探索了真实柴油机颗粒SOF分析的最佳干燥条件为:干燥温度220℃、干燥时间3 h、真空度98 kPa,得知SOF组分干燥的难易程度介于柴油和润滑油之间;同时,根据此干燥条件,分析了排气管末端采集的真实碳烟颗粒的SOF含量特性。     

不同区域城市空气O3和PM2.5累积速率时序模型

利用2017—2018年全国7个区域10个典型城市环境空气O₃和PM_2.5浓度数据,统计污染物累积速率,进而采用回归方法拟合污染物浓度及其累积速率的时间序列模型,分析不同区域污染物时序变化特征差异。结果表明：不同区域O₃浓度时序曲线拟合程度总体高于PM_2.5,石家庄O₃拟合程度最高,西安PM_2.5拟合程度最高。以07：00、14：00分别作为O₃、PM_2.5模拟起点是24 h中的最优模型。不同城市夏季O₃小时浓度时序变化曲线均为单峰形态,O₃浓度及累积速率峰值出现时间可能由城市所处经度决定,太原O₃累积最快,西安O₃消解最快。各城市间冬季PM_2.5小时浓度及其累积速率时序变化曲线形态差异较大,沈阳PM_2.5累积和消解均最快。与浓度相比,城市环境空气O₃和PM_2.5累积速率与光照、扩散条件等有更好的时间相关性。     

表观遗传学机制与空气污染的健康效应

空气污染是一个全球性的问题,并且具有深远的环境影响。暴露于空气污染会对人体健康产生许多不同的影响,理解空气污染的健康效应又是一个复杂命题,既要考虑不同类型的污染物同时也要考虑相关疾病的复杂性。然而越来越多的研究表明,表观遗传学在空气污染相关疾病的发生、发展中发挥着重要的作用。空气污染物可引起DNA甲基化、组蛋白修饰和miRNA表达等表观遗传学改变,这种改变往往发生在疾病产生的早期,因此相关研究不仅可以了解疾病的发病机制,而且还为疾病早期诊断和预防筛选可能的标志物。本文综述了表观遗传学的几种修饰方式和空气污染物造成不良健康损伤机制的一些研究进展。     

华北清洁地区气溶胶特征及其来源研究

本文用中子活化分析和质子激发Ｘ荧光分析法,测定了华北清洁地区气溶胶样品中几十个元素的含量,对粗粒和细粒两种颗粒物进行了平均元素浓度和富集因子的计算。基于对华北地区获得的颗粒物数据以及不同来源气溶胶化学组成的讨论,得出华北清洁地区大气颗粒物的质量浓度要比城市地区小很多,细颗粒物的平均质量浓度比粗颗粒要高,华北清洁地区人为污染元素的粗细比率与城市地区的相比很低,大气污染物主要是由远距离输送来的。     

湖北省主要固定燃烧源大气颗粒物及VOCs排放特征研究

于2014年1月至12月对湖北省9个城市21家典型企业的固定燃烧源进行了典型大气颗粒物及挥发性有机物(VOCs)的监测工作,研究了固定燃烧源大气颗粒物及VOCs的排放特征及其物质组成。结果表明:大气颗粒物年排放总量与装机容量呈正相关关系,颗粒物粒径越细占总颗粒物的质量百分比越低;不同燃料的锅炉废气中的PM10和PM2.5质量浓度表现为:石油焦煤生活垃圾,燃气锅炉废气中只检出PM1.0;焦化厂和炼铁厂锅炉废气中的VOCs以烯(炔)烃为主,各占79.21%和81.09%,乙烯占总VOCs的百分比最高,分别为69.13%和68.88%;燃油锅炉废气中的VOCs以烯(炔)烃(91.74%)为主,燃气锅炉废气中的VOCs以烯(炔)烃(37.96%)和醛脂(38.79%)为主;锅炉废气中VOCs的组分和浓度受锅炉使用类型和燃料类型差异的影响,排放废气中的VOCs浓度水平表现为:焦化厂锅炉炼铁厂锅炉,燃油锅炉燃气锅炉,且组分更复杂。     

Improved source assessment of Si, Al and related mineral components to PM10 based on a daily sampling procedure

Samples obtained from an industrialized valley in the East Alpine region were collected daily for a half year and analyzed using X-ray fluorescence to examine the elements Si,Al,Fe,Ca,Mg,Na,K,Zn,P,S and Cl.Some factors affecting the changes of these elements were considered,including time,elemental correlations,weekday,weekend and seasonal changes.Diagnostic analysis provided an insight into a decoupling behavior that occursin siliceous and carbonates minerals.A decrease in Si and Al and an increase in carbonates,Na,K,Zn and P were observed during the cold season.However,a consistently high correlation of Si and Al was observed in all seasons.It was established that such high levels originated from street surface abrasion.The increase in variability and absolute levels of carbonates during the cold season was demonstrated by adding carbonates to the street surface as gritting material to increase the grip on snowy surfaces.A marked increase in Na and Cl was observed in winter which may have been caused by thaw salt that is widely used in winter in Austria.This was associated with a significant increase in K,Zn,and P in the cold season that was the result of domestic space heating with wood.PM10 levels in December were 12 μg/m3 and were higher than levels detected in July.It was established that such high levels originated from mineral oxides,wood smoke,and inorganic ionic material(s).     

退耕植茶对川西低山丘陵区土壤活性有机碳组分的影响

为探讨退耕植茶对土壤活性有机碳组分的影响,选取退耕2~3年(RT 2~3)、9~10年(RT 9~10)和16~17年(RT 16~17)的茶园为研究对象,以邻近撂荒地为对照(CK),测定其土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、可矿化有机碳(MOC)含量,并分析其分配比例随退耕植茶年限推移的变化.结果表明,POC、MBC和WSOC对退耕植茶的响应较为一致,与对照相比,退耕植茶初期(RT 2~3),各组分含量均降低,但随着植茶时间的推移,各组分含量逐渐增加,在植茶9~10或16~17年后显著高于撂荒地;退耕植茶后MOC含量显著降低,总体表现为CKRT 16~17RT 9~10RT 2~3,0~10 cm土层,RT 2~3、RT 9~10和RT 16~17土壤MOC含量分别较对照显著下降35.25%、23.89%和16.87%,10~20 cm土层中分别下降32.31%、13.09%和23.22%,20~40 cm土层中分别下降36.43%、28.79%和30.76%.植茶后,土壤活性有机碳在总有机碳中的比例整体现为0~10 cm高于20~40 cm,相较于表层土壤,深层土壤碳库的稳定性更强.退耕植茶有利于土壤肥力的保持,对提升土壤有机质水平起到积极作用,且随植茶时间的推移,土壤对碳的固持作用增强,土壤质量得到提升.     

Spatiotemporal trends of PM2.5 and its major chemical components at urban sites in Canada

To evaluate the effectiveness of emission control regulations designed for reducing air pollution, chemically resolved PM_2.5 data have been collected across Canada through the National Air Pollution Surveillance network in the past decade. 24-hr time integrated PM_2.5 collected at seven urban and two rural sites during 2010-2016 were analyzed to characterize geographical and seasonal patterns and associated potential causes. Site-specific seven-year mean gravimetric PM_2.5 mass concentrations ranged from 5.7 to 9.6 µg/m³. Seven-year mean concentrations of SO₄^2?, NO₃^?, NH₄⁺, organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) were in the range of 0.68 to 1.6, 0.21 to 1.5, 0.27 to 0.71, 1.1 to 1.9, and 0.37 to 0.71 µg /m³, accounting for 10.8%-18.1%, 3.7%-16.7%, 4.7%-7.4%, 18.4%-21.0%, and 6.4%-10.6%, respectively, of gravimetric PM_2.5 mass. PM_2.5 and its five major chemical components showed higher concentrations in southeastern Canada and lower values in Atlantic Canada, with the seven-year mean ratios between the two regions being on the order of 1.7 for PM_2.5 and 1.8-7.1 for its chemical components. When comparing the concentrations between urban and rural sites within the same region, those of SO₄^2? and NH₄⁺ were comparable, while those of NO₃^?, OC, and EC were around 20%, 40%-50%, and 70%-80%, respectively, higher at urban than rural sites, indicating the regional scale impacts of SO₄^2? and NH₄⁺ and effects of local sources on OC and EC. Monthly variations generally showed summertime peaks for SO₄^2? and wintertime peaks for NO₃^?, but those of NH₄⁺, OC, and EC exhibited different seasonality at different locations.     

北京餐饮源排放细粒子理化特征及其对有机颗粒物的贡献

调研了北京餐饮业发展现状,通过在线监测、采样分析等手段研究北京4家不同烹调方式的餐馆所排放颗粒物的质量浓度、粒径分布、形貌特征、化学组分,并初步估算餐饮源排放细粒子对北京细粒子中颗粒有机物的贡献.结果表明,餐馆的原料、烹饪过程、油烟去除装置以及客流量都会影响餐馆所排放颗粒物的物理、化学性质.样本餐馆营业期间排放颗粒物PM_{2 .5}质量浓度是当日环境大气PM_{2 .5}质量浓度的8～35倍,PM_{1 .0}在PM_{2 .5}的质量浓度中约占50%～85%.餐饮源排放颗粒物多以固态和液态颗粒物形貌存在,化学组分质量百分数由多到少依次是有机物、无机离子和元素碳,分别占到PM_{2 .5}质量浓度的70%左右、5%～11%和小于2%.初步估计结果表明,北京餐饮源排放细粒子对有机颗粒物的贡献和交通源的排放相当,成为北京细粒子有机颗粒物的主要来源之一.认识餐饮源排放颗粒物的理化性质,可以为改善北京空气质量和保证居民身体健康提供数据支持.