经济发达县域耕地土壤重金属污染评价及其影响因素分析——以江苏省昆山市为例

通过对昆山市14个区镇91个土壤样品中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Ni、Hg、Zn 8种重金属测定分析,对该市耕地土壤重金属污染进行评价并进行重金属污染的影响因素分析.结果表明,昆山市耕地土壤存在不同程度的轻微污染,重金属Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb、Hg、Zn均超过国家土壤背景值,旱地、水田中均以Hg污染范围较广、变异系数较大.综合污染指数表现为水田(1.15)＞旱地(1.00).区镇耕地重金属污染评价表明千灯、陆扬、石浦、锦溪、石牌处于警戒值之内,蓬朗、周庄、张浦、正仪、周市、巴城、淀山湖、花桥、陆家轻度污染;昆山市耕地土壤中重金属元素均未超过土壤环境基本容量,能够保证作物品质和农业持续发展.同时,研究表明区域重金属轻微污染具有复合污染的特性,Cd、Pb相关性最高(P=0.621 0), Pb与Hg、Cu、Zn、Cu与Cr也有相关性(0.438 7、0.426 0、0.350 9、0.394 0),区域重金属的轻微污染受人为因素影响显著,研究指出应加强对区域优先控制污染物Hg、次优先控制污染物Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu、Cr的控制与治理.     

我国水污染防治立法理念、机制和制度的创新

面对日益突出的水污染问题,我国现行《水污染防治法》难以适应水污染防治的要求,《水污染防治法》的修订及相关立法问题在国家立法机构、行政部门和环境法学界因而备受关注。对当前我国环境法理论界和实践部门关于水污染防治立法的观点和主张以及相关研究进展和成果进行了系统分析和整理,从为完善我国《水污染防治法》提供立法参考的目的出发,运用概括、分类和归纳的方法,对我国水污染防治立法理念、机制和制度创新进行了分析和归纳,并提出了具体的立法建议。     

基于DEA的城市群环境投入产出效率测度研究

随着产业集群、人口城镇化的发展,我国城市群逐渐形成,城市群的环境污染治理问题也成为影响城镇居民生产生活的重要社会问题.目前,城市群的资金投入与环境污染治理的效率,投入产出中的环境变量对环境污染治理的影响,城市群环境污染治理的效果等问题是我们亟需认知的.基于这些思考,以我国十大城市群环境污染与资金投入的统计数据为实例,采用三阶段数据包络分析(DEA)模型,运用DEA模型的计算软件,基于传统的DEA模型、相似SFA模型和调整后的DEA模型三个步骤进行了探讨.从投入产出的角度对我国十大城市群环境污染治理的技术效率、纯技术效率和规模效率进行了实证分析.结果表明:十大城市群在环境投资与污染治理效率方面存在差异性,以京津冀、长三角、珠三角和山东半岛为代表的东部沿海城市群在投入产出效率上高于其他几个城市群,同时也显示我国十大城市群在环境污染治理效率上还有一定的提升空间.最后,提出了十大城市群在环境投资与污染治理方面的思考.     

分子吸附器在光学相机污染控制中的应用研究

分子吸附器作为一种新型的在轨污染控制手段,具有使用方便、重量轻、无功耗和成本低等特点,可以为航天器光学相机提供在轨污染控制。从在轨分子污染物和分子吸附器特点两方面进行分析,描述了光学相机在轨污染物来源及特点,分析了污染物成分及对光学相机的危害,阐述了分子吸附器(包括吸附剂和基底)的组成及吸附特点。结合相机结构,提出了分子吸附器在光学相机污染控制中的应用方案,并明确了今后的研究方向。     

基于LabVIEW的自动配料控制系统设计

针对传统工业生产过程配料系统精度差、效率低、维修量大、人机界面不友好、成本高等问题,将总线控制技术、分时复用技术和精确称重技术相结合,设计了一套基于Labview的自动混配料控制系统。给出了系统的通讯设计,软件设计及硬件设计。现场应用结果证明,该系统能够自动、快捷、友好、精确可靠的完成配料生产。     

叠加振动试验分析与应用

结合试验标准和振动控制软件,从试验应用的角度对叠加振动中的随机加随机、随机加正弦振动进行了分析和归纳,并介绍了如何从图形上快速区分叠加振动,以及在软件设置中应注意叠加振动试验中扫频和不扫频的区别。     

Supporting Diverse Data Providers in the Open Water Data Initiative: Communicating Water Data Quality and Fitness of Use

Shared, trusted, timely data are essential elements for the cooperation needed to optimize economic, ecologic, and public safety concerns related to water. The Open Water Data Initiative (OWDI) will provide a fully scalable platform that can support a wide variety of data from many diverse providers. Many of these will be larger, well‐established, and trusted agencies with a history of providing well‐documented, standardized, and archive‐ready products. However, some potential partners may be smaller, distributed, and relatively unknown or untested as data providers. The data these partners will provide are valuable and can be used to fill in many data gaps, but can also be variable in quality or supplied in nonstandardized formats. They may also reflect the smaller partners' variable budgets and missions, be intermittent, or of unknown provenance. A challenge for the OWDI will be to convey the quality and the contextual “fitness” of data from providers other than the most trusted brands. This article reviews past and current methods for documenting data quality. Three case studies are provided that describe processes and pathways for effective data‐sharing and publication initiatives. They also illustrate how partners may work together to find a metadata reporting threshold that encourages participation while maintaining high data integrity. And lastly, potential governance is proposed that may assist smaller partners with short‐ and long‐term participation in the OWDI.     

Quality Control for Environmental Policy Appraisal Tools: An Empirical Investigation of Relations Between Quality,Quality Control and Effectiveness

The spectre of regulatory reform carried out in a range of Western countries has generated concern amongst parts of the environmental policy community. Quality and effectiveness are said to be at stake, but empirically there is a dearth of data on the relationship between provisions for quality control and the effects on quality and effectiveness. This research addresses this lacuna by analysing the effects of different quality control provisions in the Netherlands and Denmark for a globally institutionalized environmental appraisal tool—Environmental Assessment (EA). Extensive technical provisions for quality control in the Netherlands have led to it being described as the ‘Rolls Royce’ of EA systems, while in Denmark the polity is expected to take charge of quality control. The effects of quality control are investigated through surveys and in-depth interviews with actors centrally engaged with EA implementation. The results show that quality control provisions are poorly related to the perceived quality and effectiveness of EA. Only the appropriateness of the scope of EA reports is perceived to be strongly related to quality control provisions. The findings are relevant for environmental policy communities concerned with quality control systems and effectiveness of policy appraisal tools and policy-makers contemplating regulatory reforms.     

Improving Pro-environmental Behaviours in Spain. The Role of Attitudes and Socio-demographic and Political Factors

Over the last 30 years, Spain has witnessed great economic growth. Nevertheless, in spite of an increasing degree of environmental concern, environmentally friendly attitudes and behaviours are still clearly below the European average. In this context, this paper analyses the impact of personal control and attitudes, and of certain socio-demographic, economic and political variables in the development of two environmentally friendly behaviours in Spain: consumption and purchase. The data were provided by a survey carried out in 2007 by the Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas (Centre for Sociological Research) in Spain. The results show the importance of personal control, level of environmental information, political ideology, age and educational level variables to explaining the development of pro-environmental-related consumption behaviours. Personal attitudes, work situation, female gender and level of environmental information influence pro-environmental purchase behaviour in a positive way. Taking into account that personal attitudes are more determining of pro-environmental purchase than consumption behaviour, policy measures such as informal education, tax measures, social and individual norms and interpersonal and institutional trust are discussed to increase the development of pro-environmental behaviours in Spain.     

欧美经验对我国“十三五”大气污染防治战略的启示

当前,我国大气污染形势严峻,复合型污染特征突出。新修订的《中华人民共和国环境保护法》、《中华人民共和国大气污染防治法》、《环境空气质量标准》以及《大气污染防治行动计划》的发布和实施,对我国大气污染防治工作提出了更高要求。"十三五"时期是我国环境保护负重前行困难期和大有作为关键期,也是我国改善大气环境质量的攻坚期,需要系统谋划大气污染防治战略。欧盟和美国在制定大气污染防治战略时,以改善空气质量为核心,构建了涵盖一次污染物和二次污染物的多污染物目标体系,规定了环境浓度、排放量、直观感受(能见度)、健康以及管理等约束性指标,并且针对大气污染防治政策分析实施的成本与收益,开发相应的模型工具,基于收益成本比进行科学决策。本文对欧美环境规划和战略中的多污染物协同控制目标体系以及大气污染防治政策成本效益评估经验进行梳理,分析我国大气污染防治战略的现状和问题,并提出相关政策建议,以期为解决"心肺之患"、实现环保"十三五"总体目标提供参考。