Desertification Control and Management of Land Degradation in the Thar Desert of India

India has 2.34 million km² of hot desert called Thar located in the north-western part of Rajasthan between latitudes 23°3 and 30°12 North and longitudes 63°30 and 70°18 East. The Indian desert is spreading annually over 12000 ha of productive land degrading it and slowly advancing towards the national capital New Delhi at the rate of 0.5 km per year. The Indian desert is characterised by huge shifting sand dunes; high wind speed; scarce rainfall; and intense solar radiation. Tremendous efforts have been made since the 1960s to arrest desertification and for ecological restoration of the Thar desert. An Ambitious afforestation programme including stabilisation of shifting sand dunes and creation of micro-climates through tree-screens and shelter-belt plantation was launched by the forest department of Rajasthan. A huge canal, 649 km long was also introduced to the Thar desert for ecological restoration.     

Wildfire effects on hiking and biking demand in New Mexico: a travel cost study

We use a travel cost model to test the effects of wild and prescribed fire on visitation by hikers and mountain bikers in New Mexico. Our results indicate that net benefits for mountain bikers is $150 per trip and that they take an average of 6.2 trips per year. Hikers take 2.8 trips per year with individual net benefits per trip of $130. Both hikers' and mountain bikers' demand functions react adversely to prescribed burning. Net benefits for both groups fall as areas recover from prescribed burns. Because both visitation and annual recreation benefits decrease to these two types of visitors, this gives rise to multiple use costs associated with prescribed burning. With respect to wildfire, hikers and mountain bikers both exhibit decreased visitation as areas recover from wildfires, however, only hikers indicate an increase in per trip net benefits. Bikers' demand effectively drops to zero. These results differ from previous findings in the literature and have implications for efficient implementation of the National Fire Plan and whether prescribed burning is a cost effective tool for multiple use management of National Forests. Specifically, that fire and recreation managers cannot expect recreation users to react similarly to fire across recreation activities, or different geographic regions. What is cost effective in one region may not be so in another.     

大兴安岭林区地下火形成火环境研究

地下火作为森林中一种难以控制的燃烧现象,其形成机理极为复杂。我国大兴安岭林区是森林地下火的多发地区。对该地区2002年发生的地下火研究表明：丰富的近土壤层和地下可燃物是森林地下火发生的物质条件,气象条件促进了森林地下火的发生,特别是在遇到降水少、长期干旱、地面温度增加、相对湿度降低和可燃物干燥的情况下,就很容易引起地下火灾。地下火有地理和时间分布特征。地表火主要发生在原始森林区域,如针叶林、阔叶林或针阔混交林,都有可能发生地下火。地下火一般燃烧速度慢,持续时间长,燃烧充分,具有隐蔽性强、燃烧不连续、方向易变等特点,地下火在所有火灾中对森林危害最大,特别是对落叶松、樟子松、云杉等的破坏更为严重。     

火灾中双层窗玻璃破裂机理的研究

把单层窗玻璃破裂的模型作为研究基础,基于原有的单层窗玻璃破裂的计算软件开发设计了双层窗玻璃破裂的模型,并对双层玻璃的内表面及其空隙的热传递过程和连续发生的玻璃破裂机理进行了研究。     

回燃及其对腔室火灾过程的影响

从火灾中的两种特殊火行为－轰燃和回燃的发生机理出发,着重讨论了回燃在整个火灾过程中的作用以及回燃对轰燃的影响。结果表明,由于回燃和轰燃同为火灾全过程中的分过程,并且由于二者发生机理的相似性,因而,它们可以建立联系。当具备合适的热解产物浓度时,回燃过程可以使火灾系统的状态突变到完全发展状态,即引发轰燃。     

钻井环境污染源头控制技术综述

通过对国内外石油行业的钻井环境污染源头控制技术的简单综述,分析了钻井工艺可采用小孔径钻井、连续软管工艺、新型固控设施等的技术特点,对选择合适的钻井液以及应用环保型钻井液来减轻污染方面进行了探讨。并展望了我国石油行业钻井环境污染源头控制技术的发展。     

苯法马来酸酐生产危险分析及安全控制技术

马来酸酐作为一种重要的有机化工原料和精细化工产品,其安全生产具有一定的典型性.对马来酸酐生产过程中的介质危险、过程危险及装置危险进行了分析,提出了马来酸酐装置安全控制技术措施.     

电气自动化系统在烟气脱硫工程中的应用

结合国电宣威发电有限责任公司七期(2×300 MW)机组烟气脱硫工程电气自动化系统(ECS)实施的经验,从应用的角度出发,分析了火电厂ECS通过硬接线、硬接线 通信、全通信3种方式接入DCS的优缺点和需要解决的问题,提出全通信的组网方式,展望了ECS最终实现全通信的前景和目标.     

高速公路跨线桥地震反应的智能磁流变控制

探讨了高速公路跨线桥智能磁流变控制的效果，并与主动控制、磁流变（MR）阻尼器的passive-off控制及passive-on控制时的减震控制效果进行了系统的比较分析。研究中MR阻尼器的半主动控制算法选用限幅最优控制算法，其主控制器采用H2／LQG方法来设计，并基于原系统的降阶模型来设计MR阻尼器的最优控制力。仿真分析结果表明，采用MR阻尼器对高速公路跨线桥进行控制，可以有效地减小结构的动力反应，明显改善其抗震安全性。MR阻尼器在passive-off控制及passive-on控制时等效为被动摩擦阻尼器，其控制效果与适用范围均有限；MR阻尼器的半主动控制力可以出色地追踪主动控制力时程，其控制效果与主动控制时非常接近，因此可以作为主动控制的替代方案。     

轴心受压钢筋混凝土柱等效火灾荷载的计算

迄今为止，国内外有关计算构件耐火极限的方法，是钢筋混凝土构件与防火研究的主要内容。而在结构设计中，由于直接考虑的是荷载作用，为此提出了一个新概念——等效火灾荷载，将火灾对结构的影响直接考虑成荷载作用。在确定了混凝土柱的截面温度场后，利用一种简化计算方法计算出钢筋混凝土柱的等效火灾荷载，进而计算出钢筋混凝土柱的耐火极限。在火灾中，作为结构最基本的构件柱可能受到单面或多面的火作用，这里仅介绍轴心受压钢筋混凝土柱等效火灾荷载的计算。