海水养殖尾水直排对河道沉积物细菌群落的影响

海水养殖活动对周边水域沉积物生态环境的影响日益受到关注,微生物群落是反映环境质量变化的一个重要指标.本研究采集了养殖区进出水河道4个位点(1个进水渠位点、出水口和2个出水渠位点)的沉积物,通过Illumina MiSeq测序技术测定细菌16S rRNA基因,利用磷脂脂肪酸(phospholipid fatty acid,PLFA)技术对沉积物中的微生物群落进行半定量分析,研究海水养殖尾水直接排放对河道沉积物细菌群落结构的影响.结果表明,4个位点中变形菌门(Proteobacteria)为优势细菌类型,主要包括γ-变形菌纲(γ-Proteobacteria)、δ-变形菌纲(δ-Proteobacteria)和α-变形菌纲(α-Proteobacteria).受养殖尾水排放影响,沉积物微生物生物量明显升高,放线菌门相对丰度降低而拟杆菌门相对丰度升高,氨氧化微生物相对丰度降低.非度量多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)分析表明大部分沉积物细菌群落按位点聚类.多样性分析表明,未受养殖尾水影响的沉积物细菌群落多样性高于受养殖尾水影响的位点.冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)表明氨氮与底泥沉积物细菌群落结构的相关性最大,对细菌群落的影响最明显.综上,养殖废水直排明显改变了养殖场河道沉积物物理化学性质和细菌群落结构,说明养殖废水的长期直排已严重污染河道环境,并可能会进一步对近海生态环境造成威胁.     

菌渣与化肥配施对稻田土壤微生物群落组成及多样性的影响

菌渣是一种独特而丰富的有机物料,与化肥配施不仅能改良土壤质量还可以调控微生物群落.然而,土壤细菌和真菌对菌渣与化肥配施的响应是否一致仍不清楚.在水稻田间长期定位试验条件下,设置化肥水平(C)0%、 50%和100%,菌渣相对用量(F)0%、 50%和100%各3个水平,共9个处理,对土壤肥力与微生物群落的相关指标进行测定.结果表明,土壤全氮(TN)在C₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,碳氮比(C/N)、全磷(TP)、可溶性碳(DOC)和有效磷(AP)在C₁₀₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,土壤有机碳(SOC)、碱解氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)和pH在C₅₀F₁₀₀处理中最高,较对照分别增加了55.56%、 26.18%、 26.46%、 17.13%、 279.54%、 85.57%、 41.61%、 29.33%和4.62%.菌渣与化肥配施后,不同处理土壤细菌和真菌α-多样性存在显著变化,与对照C₀F₀处理相比较,各处理细菌β-多样性...     

2012~2019年天津市公交站微环境空气质量改善

于2012年9月、2014年3月、2015年6月和2019年6月在天津市八里台公交站采集环境空气样品,分析该微环境中大气可吸入颗粒物（PM₁₀）污染的整体改善趋势以及PM₁₀中碳组分、水溶性离子组分以及元素组分的特征和4次采样之间的差异.结果表明,4次采样的PM₁₀浓度分别为281,217,188,78μg/m³,呈明显下降趋势.其中水溶性离子组分和元素组分浓度逐年降低,但其占比变化不大（平均浓度占比分别为22%和39%）,4次采样的二次离子SNA（即SO₄^2-,NO₃^-和NH₄⁺）占PM₁₀比例分别为11%,9%,9%,17%;总碳质量浓度逐年降低,碳组分在PM₁₀中所占的比例呈波动上升的趋势（从18%上升至32%,平均为25%）,根据估算结果,4次采样的二次有机碳（SOC）占PM₁₀比例分别为4%,9%,9%,13%.研究显示,天津市交通微环境空气质量改善效果显著,但二次组分（SNA和SOC）在PM₁₀中占比呈上升趋势,需进一步加强二次污染的控制.     

浑太河鱼类群落多样性及生境适宜性量化分析

以辽宁浑太河为范例,评价物种、多样性水平和功能群组成3种群落结构特征下,鱼类群落与栖息地环境因子的定量响应关系.结果表明：流速、BOD₅、氨氮、电导率和底质指数是显著影响浑太河鱼类群落空间分布的栖境因子;鲫等耐污种的氨氮和电导率的最适值和正响应阈值较高,洛氏鱥和东北七鳃鳗等适应较高的流速和底质指数,东北七鳃鳗的最适流速为0.59m/s;多样性水平的栖境因子最适值和阈值随香农多样性指数的增加呈现先上升后下降的趋势,（2-3）区间的电导率最适值最大,为378.07μS/cm;杂食性功能群鱼类对BOD₅、氨氮和电导率有较高的最适值和正响应阈值,其最适值分别为1.20mg/L、0.63mg/L和383.37μS/cm.定量分析鱼类群落与栖境因子的关系,为开展重要鱼类物种保护、生物多样性恢复以及关键栖息地的生境修复等流域生态管理决策提供基础数据和科学依据.     

黑龙江省穆棱河流域鱼类物种多样性研究

2015年5月、7月及10月对穆棱河流域的鱼类种类和分布进行了野外调查,设置鱼类采样点28个.确定穆棱河水域共有鱼类46种,隶属于5目11科,其中鲤形目,有31种,占鱼类总种数的68.89%;其次是鲑形目,含有5种;鲶形目和鲈形目均含4种;而七鳃鳗目仅含一种.穆棱河流域的全年平均综合污染指数、鱼类物种多样性指数Shannon-Wiener、Pielou均匀度指数及Margalef丰富度指数分别为I=1.10、H'=1.97、J'=0.36、D=1.16.穆棱河水质全年整体呈现中污或重污.典范对应分析结果表明,三个季节影响鱼类物种的水环境因子各不相同,春季pH值、COD_Mn、DO、Fe³⁺、TN、ORP;夏季Fe³⁺、ORP、TN、pH值、TD;秋季WT、NO₂^--N、COND、NO₃^--N.     

Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Fish from Western U.S. and Alaskan National Parks — Spatial Distribution and Health Thresholds

Remote national parks of the western U.S. and Alaska are not immune to contaminants of emerging concern. Semivolatile organic compounds (SOCs) such as pesticides and PCBs can selectively deposit from the atmosphere at higher rates in cold, high‐elevation and high‐latitude sites, potentially increasing risk to these ecosystems. In the environment, SOCs magnify up food chains and are known to increase health risks such as cancer and reproductive impairment. One hundred twenty‐eight fish in 8 national parks in Alaska and the western U.S. were analyzed for contaminant concentrations, assessed by region, and compared to human and wildlife health thresholds. SOC concentrations from an additional 133 fish from a previous study were also included, for a total of 31 water bodies sampled. PCBs, endosulfan sulfate, and p,p′‐DDE were among the most frequently detected contaminants. Concentrations of historic‐use pesticides dieldrin, p,p′‐DDE, and/or chlordanes in fish exceeded USEPA guidelines for human subsistence fish consumers and wildlife (kingfisher) health thresholds at 13 of 14 parks. Average concentrations in fish ranged from 0.6‐280 ng/g lipid (0.02‐7.3 μg/g ww). Contaminant loading was highest in fish from Alaskan and Sierra Nevada parks. Historic compounds were highest in Alaskan parks, while current‐use pesticides were higher in the Rockies and Sierra Nevada. This study provides a rigorous analysis of CECs in fish from national parks and identifies regions at potential risk.     

KOH活化鱼鳞基生物炭的制备及其对VOCs的高效吸附去除研究

以废弃生物质罗非鱼鱼鳞为原料,用 KOH一步炭化活化法制备了鱼鳞基多孔生物炭,并借助 XRD、SEM、FTIR及 Boehm等方法对所制备生物炭的孔隙结构、形貌特征及表面化学性质进行表征 .结果表明：650 ℃条件下制备的生物炭（FSBC-1）表面含有最多的含氧基团,其中酚羟基含量为 0.3102 mmol·g^-1,而 850 ℃条件下制备的生物炭（FSBC-3）具备最高的比表面积(3370 m²·g^-1)和孔容(1.91 cm³·g^-1). 静态吸附实验表明,所制备生物炭对非极性分子甲苯的吸附过程符合 Langmuir模型,而 n-layer BET 模型能更好地描述材料对极性分子丙酮的吸附 .298 K条件下,FSBC-3 对 3 kPa 甲苯的吸附量高达 12.75 mmol·g^-1,对 20 kPa 丙酮的吸附量达 16.74 mmol·g^-1. 动态吸附实验和机理分析表明,对于低浓度VOCs,所制备生物炭对非极性分子甲苯的穿...     

衬砌对河道底泥细菌群落同质化的影响

以高度人工化的再生水补给河道—北运河京津冀流域为研究区,对具有不同河道生境类型的上游与中下游底泥中的细菌群落多样性、组成及环境选择模式进行对比分析.结果表明：中下游河道衬砌工程促进底泥生境特征同质化,进而导致中下游底泥细菌群落同质化.上游细菌群落空间周转率（0.0002）相比较,中下游群落具有较低的空间周转率（0.00002）,并在排序图上呈现更紧凑的分布特点.与上游自然生境条件下的群落组成相比较,由于衬砌条件下非优势组分的片段类型多样性较高,优势组分的片段类型多样性及相对丰度较低,最终使得同质化群落表现为较低的丰富度.RDA模型（P=0.002）分析表明,衬砌和TP是影响细菌群落空间变化的主导环境因素,而大环内酯类和四环素类抗生素则对群落结构类内变异起作用.纤维杆菌门（Fibrobacteres）、纤细菌门（Gracilibacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、Acetothermia的片段类型多样性和费希尔菌门（Fischerbacteria）、Kiritimatiellaeota、放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、蓝细菌门（Cyanobacteria）的相对丰度均与衬砌高度相关.     

Distribution pattern of traditional ecological knowledge on plant utilization among major minority peoples in Guizhou,China

In this study, the traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) on non-cultivated plant utilization by the Miao and Buyi people in Guizhou, China, was investigated using semi-structured interviews and the joint plant and use (JPU) was used as an index of TEK. In addition, the regional TEK distribution patterns were depicted. The results showed that low-frequency JPUs accounted for a large proportion of the total TEK on non-cultivated plant utilization, implying a possible TEK loss. The TEK distribution pattern is similar to the 80/20 rule, indicating that most TEK is mastered by key informants who are important for regional TEK protection and inheritance. Different informants have different JPU amounts and diversities with specific relationships, and for the characteristic ethnic TEK, medicinal JPUs generally have a low frequency, while symbolic JPUs have a higher frequency. The results could provide references for regional sustainable development and biocultural diversity management.     

Importance of timely metadata curation to the global surveillance of genetic diversity

Genetic diversity within species represents a fundamental yet underappreciated level of biodiversity. Because genetic diversity can indicate species resilience to changing climate, its measurement is relevant to many national and global conservation policy targets. Many studies produce large amounts of genome-scale genetic diversity data for wild populations, but most (87%) do not include the associated spatial and temporal metadata necessary for them to be reused in monitoring programs or for acknowledging the sovereignty of nations or Indigenous peoples. We undertook a distributed datathon to quantify the availability of these missing metadata and to test the hypothesis that their availability decays with time. We also worked to remediate missing metadata by extracting them from associated published papers, online repositories, and direct communication with authors. Starting with 848 candidate genomic data sets (reduced representation and whole genome) from the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collaboration, we determined that 561 contained mostly samples from wild populations. We successfully restored spatiotemporal metadata for 78% of these 561 data sets (n = 440 data sets with data on 45,105 individuals from 762 species in 17 phyla). Examining papers and online repositories was much more fruitful than contacting 351 authors, who replied to our email requests 45% of the time. Overall, 23% of our email queries to authors unearthed useful metadata. The probability of retrieving spatiotemporal metadata declined significantly as age of the data set increased. There was a 13.5% yearly decrease in metadata associated with published papers or online repositories and up to a 22% yearly decrease in metadata that were only available from authors. This rapid decay in metadata availability, mirrored in studies of other types of biological data, should motivate swift updates to data-sharing policies and researcher practices to ensure that the valuable context provided by metadata is not lost to conservation science forever.