Assessing Influences of Hydrology,Physicochemistry, and Habitat on Stream Fish Assemblages Across a Changing Landscape1

Abstract: We evaluated the impact of land cover on fish assemblages by examining relationships between stream hydrology, physicochemistry, and instream habitat and their association with fish responses in streams draining 18 watersheds of the Lower Piedmont of western Georgia. Several important relationships between land use and physicochemical, hydrological, and habitat parameters were observed, particularly higher frequency of spate flows, water temperatures, and lower dissolved oxygen (DO) with percentage impervious surface (IS) cover, higher habitat quality with percentage forest cover, and elevated suspended solid concentrations with percentage pasture cover. Fish assemblages were largely explained by physicochemical and hydrological rather than habitat variables. Specifically, fish species diversity, richness, and biotic integrity were lower in streams that received high frequency of spate flows. Also, overall fish assemblage structure as determined by nonmetric multidimensional scaling was best described by total dissolved solids (TDS) and DO, with high TDS and low DO streams containing sunfish‐based assemblages and low TDS and high DO streams containing minnow‐based assemblages. Our results suggest that altered hydrological and physicochemical conditions, induced largely by IS, may be a strong determinant of fish assemblage structure in these lowland streams and allow for a more mechanistic understanding of how land use ultimately affects these systems.     

河口及邻近海域鱼类优先保护次序的评价模型

正确评价河口及邻近海域鱼类优先保护次序,对河口生态管理以及维持生物多样性具有重要意义,而鱼类优先保护次序评价指标体系和评价方法研究是珍稀鱼类保护的基础。在实地调查和资料收集的基础上,借助专家咨询和相关研究成果提出了由物种濒危系统、遗传价值系统和物种价值系统3个子系统及其指标集组成的鱼类优先保护评价指标体系,确定了评价等级和标准。为克服权重确定的主观随意性,基于信息熵原理确定各指标的客观权重,在此基础上,引入理想点法进行鱼类优先保护多目标决策评价,进而建立了鱼类优先保护次序的评价模型,最后以建立的模型对漳卫新河口及邻近海域鱼类优先保护次序进行评价。结果表明,计算方法简便,评价结果合理,在河口生态管理中具有一定的应用价值     

对有机磷农药敏感的海鱼脑AChE筛选研究

以10种海洋鱼类:鲅鱼、黄花鱼、鲈鱼、黄鱼、美国红鱼、真鲷、黑鲷、面包鱼、黑头鱼和鳗鲡为实验材料,采用半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)和双分子速率常数(K_i)为指标,通过体外抑制作用比较了这10种海鱼脑AChE对马拉硫磷和甲基对硫磷的敏感性,并分析了海鱼脑AChE作为监测海水中有机磷农药指示酶的可行性,由此筛选出适于制备海水有机磷农药酶传感器的指示酶.实验表明:10种海鱼脑AChE的基础活性在4.62～35.65μmol/(min·g)之间,面包鱼的酶活性最高,黄花鱼的酶活性最低.对马拉硫磷,由IC₅₀所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲅鱼、黄鱼、鲈鱼、真鲷>黑鲷>黑头鱼、鳗鲡>美国红鱼、黄花鱼>面包鱼;由Ki所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲅鱼>黄鱼、鲈鱼、真鲷>黑鲷、黑头鱼、鳗鲡>美国红鱼、黄花鱼>面包鱼.对甲基对硫磷,由IC50所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲅鱼>鲈鱼>黄鱼、黄花鱼、真鲷、黑鲷、黑头鱼、鳗鲡>美国红鱼>面包鱼;由Ki所得到的AChE敏感性为:鲅鱼>鲈鱼、黄鱼、黄花鱼、黑鲷、黑头鱼、鳗鲡>真鲷>美国红鱼>面包鱼.鲅鱼脑AChE对2种有机磷农药都较为敏感.影响鱼脑AChE对有机磷农药敏感性的主要因素为生物来源、农药种类和抑制方式,而与酶的基础活性无关.海鱼脑AChE活力抑制作用与水体中的有机磷农药具有良好的剂量-效应关系,在1～50mg/L浓度范围内,两者间呈现较好的线性相关性(r²≥0.93).根据AChE的敏感性及其对有机磷农药的线性响应程度,鲅鱼脑AChE适于作为监测马拉硫磷和甲基对硫磷酶传感器的指示酶.     

Contrasting Global Trends in Marine Fishery Status Obtained from Catches and from Stock Assessments

Abstract: There are differences in perception of the status of fisheries around the world that may partly stem from how data on trends in catches over time have been used. On the basis of catch trends, it has been suggested that about 70% of all stocks are overexploited due to unsustainable harvesting and 30% of all stocks have collapsed to <10% of unfished levels. Catch trends also suggest that over time an increasing number of stocks will be overexploited and collapsed. We evaluated how use of catch data affects assessment of fisheries stock status. We analyzed simulated random catch data with no trend. We examined well‐studied stocks classified as collapsed on the basis of catch data to determine whether these stocks actually were collapsed. We also used stock assessments to compare stock status derived from catch data with status derived from biomass data. Status of stocks derived from catch trends was almost identical to what one would expect if catches were randomly generated with no trend. Most classifications of collapse assigned on the basis of catch data were due to taxonomic reclassification, regulatory changes in fisheries, and market changes. In our comparison of biomass data with catch trends, catch trends overestimated the percentage of overexploited and collapsed stocks. Although our biomass data were primarily from industrial fisheries in developed countries, the status of these stocks estimated from catch data was similar to the status of stocks in the rest of the world estimated from catch data. We conclude that at present 28–33% of all stocks are overexploited and 7–13% of all stocks are collapsed. Additionally, the proportion of fished stocks that are overexploited or collapsed has been fairly stable in recent years.     

湛江港鱼类不同器官富集铜、镉的特征及评价

为探明近岸海域天然鱼类重金属的含量及其生态风险,为湛江港渔业水域环境保护提供参考依据,文章采用电感耦合等离子体质谱(ICP-MS)法分析湛江港海域26种鱼5个不同组织器官(消化系统、肝脏、鳃、背部肌肉和骨骼)的Cu、Cd 2种重金属富集特征,并根据相关标准进行单因子污染评价和食用健康风险评价。结果表明:Cu和Cd在鱼类不同组织器官的分布存在较大差异,总体上呈消化系统>肝脏>鳃>背部肌肉>骨骼;按鱼类的食性不同,Cu和Cd在鱼类富集程度也不同,分别为植食性鱼类>杂食性鱼类>肉食性鱼类和杂食性鱼类>肉食性鱼类>植食性鱼类;被调查的26种鱼的Cu和Cd含量基本符合海洋生物污染评价标准,但Cd的含量高于"人体消费卫生标准",其食用价值可能受到影响。     

长江中游四大家鱼产卵场的生态水文特性分析

青鱼、草鱼、鲢鱼、鳙鱼是长江流域重要的经济鱼类,但近几年其资源量急剧下降,大量水利工程的修建及河道整治是导致其资源量下降的重要原因之一。为了保护四大家鱼种质资源,确定四大家鱼产卵、繁殖同水文情势的关系,为大型水利工程的生态调度提供依据,研究选取长江中游四大家鱼产卵期的9项相关生态水文指标,分析其在四大家鱼产卵场及非产卵场之间的差异。分析结果表明,所选取的9项生态水文指标在产卵场断面和非产卵场断面没有显著差异,它们只是刺激四大家鱼产卵的必要条件,而非充分条件。同时,选取葛洲坝下典型产卵场江口断面,对比分析该断面在三峡工程正式运行前后四大家鱼产卵期内生态水文情势的变化。结果表明,所选取的9项生态水文指标大多无明显差异,个别指标因三峡蓄水略有变化,但由于三峡蓄水后时间序列较短,且2004~2006年长江来水情况较为特殊,因而目前尚无法定量化三峡工程的修建对下游四大家鱼产卵场的影响。     

高效预处理方法在海洋鱼类137Cs测量中的应用

针对传统海洋鱼类放射性测量过程中样品需求量大、预处理耗时长、劳动强度大等问题,本研究提出了一种高效快速的预处理方法,并将其应用于日本鲭体中放射性核素¹³⁷Cs的测量.研究结果显示,利用该预处理方法所获取的日本鲭样品中¹³⁷Cs的活度值为（0.072±0.01） Bq/kg鲜样,与用传统方法测量所获得的结果（0.078±0.01） Bq/kg鲜样处于误差范围以内,但样品的预处理时间可缩减约70%,样品量也减少约65%.     

Applying a Large,Statewide Database to the Assessment,Stressor Diagnosis,and Restoration of Stream Fish Communities

In this report, predictions of the species that were expected to occur at stream sites were generated and probable stressors to fish species that were predicted to occur but were absent were diagnosed. Predictions were generated based on the hierarchical screening method of Smith and Powell (1971, Am. Mus. Novit. 2458, 1–30), using fish abundance in conjunction with 25 environmental variables at 895 sites. The sites were sampled throughout Maryland and represent the entire range of environmental quality from severely degraded to minimally degraded. Stressor variable values that exceeded tolerance thresholds for species that were expected to occur, but were absent, were considered to be probable stressors. This method was tested for efficacy in stream site assessments and stressor diagnosis using an independent data set. Sites that were classified as degraded according to the IBI and to non-biological criteria had fewer predicted species present compared to minimally influenced sites, indicating that the proportion of predicted species present accurately represents the biological integrity of a stream site. The nine stressors that were applied to the test data set accounted for species absences in 43.7% of degraded sites. Impervious land cover was the most common stressor identified. In addition to assessing stream biological integrity and identifying stressors to fish species, this approach also provides tolerance thresholds for predicted fish species that are useful endpoints necessary to plan effective restoration of fish species in Maryland.     

Assemblage stability in stream fishes: A review

We quantified the stability of nine stream fish assemblages by calculating coefficients of variation of population size for assemblage members. Coefficients of variation were high and averaged over 96%; indicating that most assemblages were quite variable. Coefficient of variation (CV) estimates were not significantly affected by: (1) years of study, (2) mean abundance, (3) familial classification, or (4) mean interval between collections. We also detected minor regional differences in CVs. The high variability exhibited by many stream fish assemblages suggests that it may be difficult to detect the effects of anthropogenic disturbances using population data alone. Consequently, we urge managers to exercise caution in the evaluation of the effects of these disturbances. More long-term studies of the ecological characteristics of undisturbed stream fish assemblages are needed to provide a benchmark against which disturbed systems can be compared. We suggest that CVs are a better estimator of population/assemblage stability, than either Kendall's W or the standard deviation of the logarithms of numerical censuses. This conclusion is based on the following reasons. First, CVs scale population variation by the mean and, hence, more accurately measure population variability. Second, this scaling permits the comparison of populations with different mean abundances. Finally, the interpretation of CV values is less ambiguous than either of the aforementioned metrics.     

长江上游合江江段鱼类早期资源与向家坝水库生态调度效果初步研究

合江江段是长江上游干流保持河流生境、适宜喜流水性鱼类栖息的重要江段.为了掌握合江江段鱼类早期资源动态,分析向家坝水库生态调度的效果,于2020年向家坝水库生态调度前后,开展了鱼类早期资源逐日监测.研究期间,共采集到鱼类早期资源5目10科38种(属),其中仔鱼29种(属)、鱼卵19种(属),包括特有鱼类6种.广适应性和喜...