鄱阳湖泥沙淤积特征及发展趋势

在两年来的野外实地调查及大量前人资料系统综合研究的基础上。简要的介绍了鄱阳湖的地形地貌，重点对鄱阳湖的泥沙淤积特点分五河尾闾地区（赣江，抚河，信江，饶河及修水）及鄱阳湖淤积区（鄱阳湖入江水道口淤积区Ⅱ1，赣江三角洲淤积区Ⅱ2，青岚湖淤积区Ⅱ3，抚河入湖口淤积区Ⅱ4，修水入湖口淤积区Ⅱ5，信江入湖口淤积区Ⅱ6，饶河入湖口淤积区Ⅱ7，鄱阳湖中心湖盆淤积区Ⅱ8，东北湖湾淤积区Ⅱ9，环鄱阳湖周边淤积区Ⅱ10）分别进行详细的描述。对鄱阳湖湖泥沙的来源进行了分析。在此基础上对鄱阳湖未来泥沙淤积的发展趋势按不同的淤积区分别进行了详细预测，提出了从被动防洪转变为积极防洪，从“抵抗”洪水转变为顺应洪水的自然规律，从以防为主转变为以疏导为主的鄱阳湖区水患灾害防治的基本思路。     

大陆溢流玄武岩成矿体系与基韦诺(Keweenaw)型铜矿床

美洲基韦诺裂谷与峨眉山大陆溢流玄武岩是全球仅有的两个具完整成矿体系的暗色岩系。基韦诺裂谷位于三个不同块体的拼接位上 ,周边存在明显的岩石圈结构不连续界面。滇黔边界大规模的自然铜矿化与超大型基韦诺铜矿 (储量 5 0 0 0万吨 )有很大的相似性。年代学与地球化学资料表明成矿往往只与玄武岩喷发结束拖尾阶段的岩浆分异有关。高孔隙度的火山角砾岩、熔结凝灰岩、砾岩与砂岩提供了热液活动和铜沉淀空间。Fe2 + 向Fe3 + 转化和有机质存在为自然铜形成提供了还原条件。地质和地球化学证据均支持同生热液成矿的观点。     

苏东坡治理河湖环境和赏石轶事

北宋大文豪苏东坡,曾先后任近十个州的地方官,为官清廉,勤政爱民,为百姓做好事。在徐州抗洪修堤、杭州治理西湖、颖州疏浚沟渠,受到百姓爱戴,堪称为古代一位水利专家。他还喜爱赏玩奇岩怪石,如砚石、仇池石、雪浪石等,也是古代一位赏石家。     

黑龙江省松花江流域洪灾生态防治研究

在对黑龙江省松花江流域洪灾和生态环境现状调查基础上，分析了洪灾与生态环境破坏之间的相关因素，证明生态环境遭到破坏可加剧洪灾发生的频率与危害程度，对此提出了保护生态环境的具体措施。     

蓄滞洪区规划与管理信息系统开发研究--以大黄铺洼为例

目前,我国很多地区特别是海河流域面临着严峻的水资源短缺,而洪水资源化是缓解水资源短缺的措施之一.在此背景下,通过蓄滞洪区合理调度运用,将分洪标准以下的中小洪水部分转化为可供利用的水资源的设想随之形成.为配合这一设想的研究,结合"十五"攻关项目"海河流域蓄滞洪区洪水资源化利用示范研究",以海河流域大黄铺洼蓄滞洪区为例,开发了蓄滞洪区规划与管理信息系统.本文对该系统的总体目标、逻辑结构、软硬件环境及主要功能进行了介绍.该系统的运用为大黄铺洼蓄滞洪区洪水风险调度、洪水资源化利用、合理经济发展与生态修复模式的选择等建议的提出提供了决策支持.进一步改进完善该系统,提高其通用性,能够为其他蓄滞洪区的规划管理提供决策借鉴.     

An analysis of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths

The objective of this paper is to investigate and to improve understanding of the causes and circumstances of flood disaster deaths. A standardised method of classifying flood deaths is proposed and the difficulties associated with comparing and assessing existing information on flood deaths are discussed. Thirteen flood cases from Europe and the United States, resulting in 247 flood disaster fatalities, were analysed and taken as indicative of flood disaster deaths. Approximately two-thirds of the deaths occurred through drowning. Thus, a substantial number of flood disaster fatalities are not related to drowning. Furthermore, males are highly vulnerable to dying in floods and unnecessary risk-taking behaviour contributes significantly to flood disaster deaths. Based on these results, recommendations are made to prevent loss of life in floods. To provide a more solid basis for the formulation of prevention strategies, better systematic recording of flood fatalities is suggested, especially those caused by different types of floods in all countries.     

基于遗传算法的洪水灾情评估神经网络模型探讨

洪水灾情评估实际上是一种模式识别问题,而人工神经网络模型具有逼近有界闭子集上任意非线性映射的特性,且模型更新方便。本文邮基于遗传算法的洪水灾情评估神经网络模型,阐述了其基本原理和算法,实例研究表明其实用性、客观性和通用性。     

岛屿地形下的核电厂护岸防洪设计研究

对国内第一个岛屿地形下核电厂的护岸防洪设计进行了研究,提出直立式护岸结构方案以满足核电厂防洪和避让毗邻海岛的要求。在波浪数值模拟计算结果基础上,开展了波浪整体物理模型试验、波浪局部整体物理模型试验和波浪断面物理模型试验,对护岸的越浪量和结构稳定性进行了优化验证。研究结果表明,岛屿地形下,波浪破碎和波能集中导致护岸堤身坡脚处波高增大,须加高挡浪墙和优化挡浪墙结构型式;在相同的越浪量标准下,采用直立堤结构相对斜坡堤结构对应的护岸挡浪墙的高程须明显加高;利用部分海岛地形斜坡高地作为厂区护岸一部分时,原状海岛地形斜坡高地处的波浪爬高效应明显,须加高邻近护岸挡浪墙的高程。     

维护良性水循环的城镇化LID模式:海绵城市规划方法与技术初步探讨

海绵城市是低影响开发模式(Low Impact Development,LID)的重要途径,也是解决我国城市水问题的重要举措。论文从良性水循环理念的角度,针对城市防洪排涝、面源污染控制以及雨洪资源化利用等三大核心问题,以城市雨洪模拟技术和LID优化技术方法为重点,探讨了支撑海绵城市实施的关键技术方法,构建了具有自主知识产权的城市雨洪模型;并以首批海绵城市试点常德市为例进行了应用研究。研究得出:现状常德城区径流系数在0.33~0.81之间,平均值为0.64;按确保年径流总量控制目标的实现,采用渗、滞和蓄等多种LID消纳各地块径流,城区90%的地块均能达到控制目标,下沉式绿地、透水铺装和绿色屋顶总面积分别为496.75、1 338.15和613.21 hm2,占各地块面积的3.9%~31.4%之间。污染负荷SS削减率在45.0%~47.7%之间,平均削减率为46.1%。常德城区通过实施LID措施,雨洪径流和污染负荷的输出量将显著降低,基本能够达到控制目标。研究为常德海绵城市规划设计提供了重要技术支撑和理论依据,为我国海绵城市规划方法和技术研究提供了参考。     

Towards Real‐Time Continental Scale Streamflow Simulation in Continuous and Discrete Space

The National Weather Service (NWS) forecasts floods at approximately 3,600 locations across the United States (U.S.). However, the river network, as defined by the 1:100,000 scale National Hydrography Dataset‐Plus (NHDPlus) dataset, consists of 2.7 million river segments. Through the National Flood Interoperability Experiment, a continental scale streamflow simulation and forecast system was implemented and continuously operated through the summer of 2015. This system leveraged the WRF‐Hydro framework, initialized on a 3‐km grid, the Routing Application for the Parallel Computation of Discharge river routing model, operating on the NHDPlus, and real‐time atmospheric forcing to continuously forecast streamflow. Although this system produced forecasts, this paper presents a study of the three‐month nowcast to demonstrate the capacity to seamlessly predict reach scale streamflow at the continental scale. In addition, this paper evaluates the impact of reservoirs, through a case study in Texas. Validation of the uncalibrated model using observed hourly streamflow at 5,701 U.S. Geological Survey gages shows 26% demonstrate PBias ≤ |25%|, 11% demonstrate Nash‐Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) ≥ 0.25, and 6% demonstrate both PBias ≤ |25%| and NSE ≥ 0.25. When evaluating the impact of reservoirs, the analysis shows when reservoirs are included, NSE ≥ 0.25 for 56% of the gages downstream while NSE ≥ 0.25 for 11% when they are not. The results presented here provide a benchmark for the evolving hydrology program within the NWS and supports their efforts to develop a reach scale flood forecasting system for the country.