河岸带地下水理化指标变化及与洪水的响应关系研究

河岸带地下水和河水存在复杂的交互作用,地下水和地表水存在明显的补排关系,洪水事件是影响河岸带地下水水质波动的重要水文过程.以黄河湿地国家级自然保护区孟津湿地为对象,通过河岸带地下理化指标(特别是小浪底水库调水调沙期间)野外定位观测,深入分析了河岸带地下水水质与洪水的响应关系.结果表明,受河流与荷塘蓄水的影响,地下水温度...     

最优曲线投影动态聚类指标及在洪水分类中的应用——以南京站洪水为例

聚类数和聚类方法是聚类分析研究的核心,有着及其重要的实用价值。在投影寻踪动态聚类模型的基础上,通过引入S型曲线作为投影方式,并据此首次提出了能够同时确定最佳聚类数和对应聚类结果的最优曲线投影动态聚类指标。该动态聚类指标完全由数据驱动,具有计算简便并且物理意义清晰等特点。南京站洪水过程的应用结果表明:最优洪水动态分类指标在洪水聚类分析中是有效的,能提供明确、客观及合理的分类数和分类结果。     

Quantifying natural resource injuries and ecological service reductions: challenges and opportunities

The natural resource damage assessment (NRDA) provisions of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) and the Oil Pollution Act (OPA) are complex and have been difficult to implement. The complexity and difficulty in implementation arise both from the assessment procedures specified in agency NRDA guidance and from the limited ability of ecologists to quantify impacts of hazardous substances on natural resources. This paper explores the scientific aspects of NRDA implementation, and discusses conceptual and methodological relationships between NRDA and the much broader field of ecological risk assessment (ERA). We discuss three critical components of the NRDA assessment approach: measuring natural resource injuries and reductions in resource services; evaluating causality; and establishing baseline conditions. We identify (1) specific approaches drawn from ERA practice that could improve each of these components, and (2) research needs and institutional changes that may improve the ability of the NRDA process to achieve its stated objectives. We recommend the acceleration of the ongoing dialogue among NRDA practitioners from the Trustee and PRP communities as a first step toward resolving the procedural and technical deficiencies of the NRDA process.     

Pai洲湾‘98决堤情况典型调查

１９９８年８月１日,湖北省嘉鱼县Ｐａｉ洲湾堤失事溃决,造成生大损失。调查表明,受大堤保护的Ｐａｉ洲湾居民防洪意识淡薄,多认为大堤不会失事。溃堤后,区内居民,尤其是溃口附近的一些居民采取的避洪行为不当,致命人员伤亡严重。这些问题在其他受防洪工程的地区同样存在。加强洪水知识和宣传,提高洪水风险区居民的防洪意识,是减轻洪水灾害的主要工作之一。     

洞庭湖垸内灾害风险区湖垸高效生态农业模式研究

为了协调好防灾减灾与农业可持续发展的关系,运用灾害学、循环经济学以及农业、林业、牧业、水产、生态、系统工程等学科交叉的理论与方法,将灾害防控技术体系、先进的农业生产方式及生产技术体系与高效生态农业结构的优化机理融为一体,设计了垸內居民区庭院循环经济型灭虫防病技术集成模式,垸内生产区水陆循环经济型血防治鼠避洪耐涝技术集成模式,并分别在典型区域进行了示范,试验表明：与传统生产方式相比,生态、经济、社会三大效益十分显著。同时认为,在建设好优势农产品生产基地的基础上,积极创造条件,发展与之相配套的商品服务体系和市场体系,促进粮、猪、油、麻、渔等产品的精、深加工,延伸产业链,增加产品附加值,提升模式的综合效益,进而推进湖垸农业产业化。     

国内外洪水灾害经济损失评估方法综述

洪水灾害是当今世界最严重的自然灾害之一,洪水灾害实质就是人员伤亡和经济损失的问题。洪灾经济损失评估是防洪减灾领域的一项基础性工作。从其灾害损失评估方法的角度对国内外洪水灾害损失的研究进展作了简要介绍;对经济损失进行了分类;概述了洪灾损失的评估方法和计算经济损失的新方法。     

暴雨山洪灾害成因及预报方法

自上世纪80年代以来，黑龙江省山洪灾害频繁发生，经济损失不断增大。分析表明，山洪发生的时空分布特征基本同该省的暴雨分布特征相一致；山洪暴发前3h和24h的降雨量对山洪暴发的影响很大。另外，还探讨了山洪暴雨发生的天气动力成因及预报着眼点。     

岩土震害影响因子权重研究——以砂土液化为例

以砂土液化影响因子的权重计算为例,探讨了一种兼顾主、客观因素的权重确定方法。首先分别使用层次分析法和粗糙集理论计算砂土液化影响因子的主、客观权重值。然后对所得到的主、客观权重值进行检验,得到各自的预测准确性,根据对其准确性进行比较得到主、客观权重值偏好系数,最终按照偏好系数对主、客观权重值进行计算得到综合权重值。并对所得到的综合权重进行验证,其预测准确率为91.7%,说明该方法具有比较高的准确性。通过研究发现,对主、客观权重通过偏好系数进行综合,可以较好的平衡两者的影响作用,能够提高权重分析的准确性;通过对砂土液化影响因子权重的分析发现地震作用对其影响要大于土体埋藏环境和土体自身性质,在所有影响因子中有效应力的影响最大,其权重达到了0.205。     

A Framework to Develop Nationwide Flooding Extents Using Climate Models and Assess Forecast Potential for Flood Resilience

The methods used to simulate flood inundation extents can be significantly improved by high‐resolution spatial data captured over a large area. This paper presents a hydraulic analysis methodology and framework to estimate national‐level floodplain changes likely to be generated by climate change. The hydraulic analysis was performed using existing published Federal Emergency Management Agency 100‐year floodplains and estimated 100‐ and 10‐year return period peak flow discharges. The discharges were estimated using climate variables from global climate models for two future growth scenarios: Representative Concentration Pathways 2.6 and 8.5. River channel dimensions were developed based on existing regional United States Geological Survey publications relating bankfull discharges with channel characteristics. Mathematic relationships for channel bankfull topwidth, depth, and side slope to contributing drainage area measured at model cross sections were developed. The proposed framework can be utilized at a national level to identify critical areas for flood risk assessment. Existing hydraulic models at these “hot spots” could be repurposed for near–real‐time flood forecasting operations. Revitalizing these models for use in simulating flood scenarios in near–real time through the use of meteorological forecasts could provide useful information for first responders of flood emergencies.     

气候变暖背景下西南四省市暴雨洪涝灾害风险变化

为了对西南地区气候变暖前后四省市相对灾情指数变化、暴雨洪涝相对灾情概率分布和暴雨洪涝灾害致灾因子危险性风险进行评价,采用西南地区四省市83个气象站点的逐日降水和气温资料、以及灾情数据等,首先利用突变检验确定气候变化突变年,然后借助灰色关联法、信息分配法以及熵权法等进行分析.结果表明:西南地区四省市年平均气温于1998年...