ROLE OF BASEFLOW IN RAINFALL-RUNOFF RELATIONS1

ABSTRACT. The role of initial baseflow, or the baseflow at the beginning of storm precipitation, in modifying mathematical rainfall-runoff relations is analyzed by using data from 95 storms over a drainage basin in Illinois. A regression model is set up with total runoff, surface runoff, baseflow runoff, and peak flow as dependent variables, and storm precipitation, initial baseflow, effective and total storm durations, and highest and lowest temperatures during the storm as independent variables. Stepwise regression analyses show that storm precipitation and initial baseflow are the most important variables for making dependent variable estimates. The standard error estimates using only storm precipitation and initial baseflow as predictors show a seasonal trend with a peak in July, August, or September. An understanding of the role of baseflow as an indicator of average soil moisture condition over the basin can be of great help in short-term reservoir regulation and flood warning.     

美国防洪政策演变

回顾了近３００年来美国防洪战略转移的历史进程。美国陆军工程兵团曾根据国家防洪与发展航运的需要,实施“堤防万能”的防洪政策,然而,１９２７年的大洪水冲毁了“堤防万能”的神话,迫使国会通过１９２８年的防洪法,进行水库、行洪区、分洪区与堤防协调防洪。随着联邦洪水及其它灾害救济费用的不断攀升,促使美国颁布１９６８年的洪水保险法与１９７３年的洪水灾害防御法,实行洪水风险区划与土地利用规划,以减轻洪水灾害。１     

Pai洲湾‘98决堤情况典型调查

１９９８年８月１日,湖北省嘉鱼县Ｐａｉ洲湾堤失事溃决,造成生大损失。调查表明,受大堤保护的Ｐａｉ洲湾居民防洪意识淡薄,多认为大堤不会失事。溃堤后,区内居民,尤其是溃口附近的一些居民采取的避洪行为不当,致命人员伤亡严重。这些问题在其他受防洪工程的地区同样存在。加强洪水知识和宣传,提高洪水风险区居民的防洪意识,是减轻洪水灾害的主要工作之一。     

Classification of di erent sustainable flood retention basin types

Using a revised version of a previously published expert classification system, a database of potential Sustainable Flood Retention Basins has been developed for Scotland. The research shows that the majority of small and former (often old) drinking water reservoirs are kept full and their spillways are continuously in operation. Utilising some of the available capacity to contribute to flood control could significantly reduce the costs of complying with the European Union Flood Directive. Furthermore, the application of a previously developed classification model for Baden in Germany for the Scottish data set showed a lower diversity for basins in Scotland due to less developed infrastructure. The classification system appears to be robust and has the potential, with minor modifications, to be applied across Europe. The principle value of this approach is a clear and unambiguous categorisation, based on standard variables, which can help to promote communication and understanding between stakeholders.     

城市内涝实时监测系统初探

目前城市内涝已成为困扰城市健康发展的难题,本文对内涝的成因和现状进行了总结,提出建立城市内涝实时监测系统的必要性和紧迫性.系统利用布置在道路雨水管道检查井内的终端监测器,获得各监测点在暴雨发生时的实际水深值,并结合当地GIS系统,使各路段的淹没情况实现在计算机上的动态可视.文章重点介绍了该系统在具体建设过程中监测区域的划分和监测点的布置原则,增强了可操作性.系统一方面实时监测城市各点水情,是暴雨时合理调度可用资源,采取有效防内涝措施的重要依据;另外收集各雨水管道负荷现状,为管线改造、损失评估提供参考资料.本系统经济和社会效益显著,应用前景广阔.     

洪水灾害损失评估研究综述

洪水灾害是当今世界上最主要的自然灾害之一,给社会带来巨大的经济损失和人员伤亡,科学地对洪水灾害进行损失评估是防洪减灾措施的理论基础和前提,也是当今社会研究的热点之一。文章从评估指标,评估方法,遥感和GIS三个方面国内外洪水灾害损失评估的研究进展做了介绍,概括了目前评估方法的优缺点和经济损失的新方法,并在研究现状进一步认识的基础上,提出了当今研究中存在的主要问题,最后指出了有待进一步研究和发展的新方向。     

基于自适应网络模糊推理方法在河道洪水预报中的应用

对于易受洪灾的地区而言,快速而准确的洪水预报非常重要,能够为洪水预警消息的发布提供更长的先导时间,从而为可能受灾地区的人们提供更充足的时间以采取相应的防洪措施或安全转移。 常用的预报模型包括基于物理性模型和基于系统技术模型。尽管物理性模型能对洪水形成的物理过程提供很好的解释, 水文学家并不愿意使用它们,因为模型中参数的率定是比较复杂的。因此,一种基于纯数据集的黑箱技术已被广泛采纳。常用的黑箱模型包括线性模型(LR)、自回归移动平均模型(ARMA)和人工神经网络模型（ANN）等。 在当前的研究中,一个相对新颖的黑箱模型--基于自适应网络的模糊推理系统（ANFIS）被用来对长江某河段的洪水进行预报。与此同时,一个线性回归模型（LR）用来作为ANFIS模型的对照。在构建ANFIS中,混合学习算法 (即误差反衍（BP）耦合最小二乘法（LSE）) 用来训练模型的参数。此外,为避免出现过度训练现象,原始数据集基于统计特征值划分成3个子集：训练集、测试集和校正集。当对ANFIS模型训练时,测试集用来帮助控制训练代数。结果表明,ANFIS的预报效果优于LR模型。分析认为ANFIS能够提供预报精度是因为其采用了局部拟合技术,通常它会优于LR模型所采用的全局拟合技术。最后,对本研究而言,最适合的ANFIS模型是输入量为梯形的成员度函数。     

基于因子分析法的公路洪灾模糊概率综合评价模型

为有效开展公路洪灾防灾减灾工作,需构建科学合理的公路洪灾评价模型。根据公路洪灾的致灾因素多样性与模糊性的特点,结合文献资料分析,初选公路洪灾的评价指标,并运用因子分析法遴选出主控因子;采用层次分析法(AHP)确定主控因子的权重系数,并结合模糊概率理论,建立基于因子分析法的公路洪灾模糊概率综合评价模型。选取云南省22条泥石流沟基础数据对评价模型进行检验。检验结果表明:该模型将经典评价方法中的10个评价指标缩减为5个,评价结果与实际情况相吻合。     

A Faster and Economical Approach to Floodplain Mapping Using Soil Information

Flood inundation maps play a key role in assessment and mitigation of potential flood hazards. However, owing to high costs associated with the conventional flood mapping methods, many communities in the United States lack flood inundation maps. The objective of this study is to develop and examine an economical alternative approach to floodplain mapping using widely available soil survey geographic (SSURGO) database. In this study, floodplain maps are developed for the entire state of Indiana, and some counties in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Washington states by identifying flood‐prone soil map units based on their attributes. For validation, the flood extents obtained from SSURGO database are compared with the extents from other floodplain maps such as the Federal Emergency Management Agency issued flood insurance rate maps (FIRMs), flood extents observed during past floods, and flood maps derived using digital elevation models. In general, SSURGO‐based floodplain maps (SFMs) are largely in agreement with other flood inundation maps. Specifically, the floodplain extents from SFMs cover 78‐95% area compared to FIRMs and observed flood extents. Thus, albeit with a slight loss in accuracy, the SSURGO approach offers an economical and fast alternative for floodplain mapping. In particular, it has potentially high utility in areas where no detailed flood studies have been conducted.     

城市洪水风险图编制研究——以福州为例

洪水风险图是标识区域洪涝成因、量级、特性、危及对象及应急对策等风险信息分布特征的一系列图的总称,当前已成为国内外城市防洪减灾工作中重要的非工程类措施之一。针对我国对洪水风险图的多元化需求,从不同服务目的出发对洪水风险图编制工作进行研究。提出了洪水风险图分层编制技术,将洪水风险图划分为实际洪水淹没图、洪水风险预测图和水灾风险评价信息等3个层次,并根据分层设计原则对编制不同类型洪水风险图所需的既往洪水信息、洪水风险预测信息、水灾风险评价信息做了详细论述。提出将洪涝仿真模拟技术应用于城市洪水风险图编制工作之中,针对洪水风险图的应用目的合理选定计算模型的初始条件、边界条件与运行控制方式等,经模拟计算获取编制洪水风险图所需的洪水风险信息。