Flood Risk Reduction from Agricultural Best Management Practices

Best management practices (BMPs) play an important role in improving impaired water quality from conventional row crop agriculture. In addition to reducing nutrient and sediment loads, BMPs such as fertilizer management, reduced tillage, and cover crops could alter the hydrology of agricultural systems and reduce surface water runoff. While attention is devoted to the water quality benefits of BMPs, the potential co‐benefits of flood loss reduction are often overlooked. This study quantifies the effects of selected commonly applied BMPs on expected flood loss to agricultural and urban areas in four Iowa watersheds. The analysis combines a watershed hydrologic model, hydraulic model outputs, and a loss estimation model to determine relationships between hydrologic changes from BMP implementations and annual economic flood loss. The results indicate a modest reduction in peak discharge and economic loss, although loss reduction is substantial when urban centers or other high‐value assets are located downstream in the watershed. Among the BMPs, wetlands, and cover crops reduce losses the most. The research demonstrates that watershed‐scale implementation of agricultural BMPs could provide benefits of flood loss reduction in addition to water quality improvements.     

流域梯级水库事故风险分析与防洪联合调度实现

通过对水库溃坝事故案例的分析,就流域梯级水库大坝面临连锁性的灾难事故风险问题,研究水库大坝溃决的诱发条件、破坏模态、临界条件、溃决的演变机理与规律;提出流域梯级水库防洪系统优化模型和实现方案;初步设计应急体系信息化建设的需求与功能方案。笔者对流域梯级水库事故风险分析及防洪联合调度实现成果,为水电站建设工程项目的设计与施工提供决策支持。     

Problems of Marine Ecological and Environmental Compensations of Oil Spill in China

In recent years, the frequent occurrences of marine oil spills have already become one of the major reasons threatening the marine ecological safety of China. In the event of oil spill, other than taking the necessary emergent measures aiming specifically at the damage to the marine ecology and environment, using legal means to assure that the damage liabilities are borne by the responsible persons to protect the national interests are also very necessary. This paper advances five recommendations regarding the development of a system for ecological legal compensations from the standpoint of the current status of legislation and execution of the laws on compensation of oil spill polluting marine ecosystem. These five recommendations include： determination of the status of juristic action in marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of plaintiff of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of the four basic principles in the legal actions of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws, determination of assessment technical standard of marine ecological and environmental damages in accordance with the laws, and determination of the scope of marine ecological and environmental compensations in accordance with the laws.     

GIS and local knowledge in disaster management: a case study of flood risk mapping in Viet Nam

Linking community knowledge with modern techniques to record and analyse risk related data is one way of engaging and mobilising community capacity. This paper discusses the use of the Geographic Information System (GIS) at the local level and the need for integrating modern technology and indigenous knowledge into disaster management. It suggests a way to mobilise available human and technical resources in order to strengthen a good partnership between local communities and local and national institutions. The paper also analyses the current vulnerability of two communes by correlating hazard risk and loss/damage caused by disasters and the contribution that domestic risk maps in the community can make to reduce this risk. The disadvantages, advantages and lessons learned from the GIS flood risk mapping project are presented through the case study of the Quang Tho Commune in Thua Thien Hue province, central Viet Nam.     

Identifying the impact of the built environment on flood damage in Texas

Floods continue to pose the greatest threat to the property and safety of human communities among all natural hazards in the United States. This study examines the relationship between the built environment and flood impacts in Texas, which consistently sustains the most damage from flooding of any other state in the country. Specifically, we calculate property damage resulting from 423 flood events between 1997 and 2001 at the county level. We identify the effect of several built environment measures, including wetland alteration, impervious surface, and dams on reported property damage while controlling for biophysical and socio-economic characteristics. Statistical results suggest that naturally occurring wetlands play a particularly important role in mitigating flood damage. These findings provide guidance to planners and flood managers on how to alleviate most effectively the costly impacts of foods at the community level.     

长江中游江西江段(上段)防洪干堤基础环境地质问题浅析

江西连年来发生水患灾害，在全国属较为严重的省份之一。在每年汛期（4～8月）为水患灾害发生的高峰期。长江中游江西江段是江西防洪的 主要地带，近年来由于该段防洪干堤经第一、第二期修堤工程，坝体稳固，虽然1998年、1999年长江大水没有造成溃堤，但潜在的水患地质灾害仍是非常严重。作者通过对野外实地进行调查，访问，对防洪干堤隐伏的工程地质问题进行了初步分析。     

论江西洪涝灾害

在调查研究的基础上 ,依据大量历史资料 ,对建国 50 a年来江西洪涝灾害发生的类型、面积及其造成的严重损失进行了分析 ,并提出了防御洪涝灾害的对策和措施 ,对减轻江西洪涝灾害 ,实现全省农业跨世纪的持续发展具有指导意义     

家户土地对洪涝灾害的经济响应研究湖南省洞庭湖区案例分析

通过对湖南省洞庭湖区家户经济与洪涝灾害关系展开的野外调查,和从行政门部与保险公司 获得的有关社会经济统计资料、案例资料,进行了衣户经济行为与土地经济行为的分析。结果表 明,家户对洪涝灾害的抵御能力主要受其经济能力的制约,土地一方面受到来自增加家户收入的压 力,另一方面受到来自必须给水以一定空间的压力,所以在尽量满足给水以一定空间的基础上,努 力提高单位土地的产出率,从而提高家户的经济收入,对这一湖区的农民家庭经济与洪涝灾害问题 的解决具有重要意义。     

旱涝灾害的分形研究方法

对旱涝灾害中的时间分维、关联维的计算以及 R/ S分析等研究方法进行了介绍 ,在此基础上 ,对旱涝灾害中已有的分形应用研究进行了必要的总结与展望     

Risk of flood-related mortality in Nepal

In July 1993, severe flooding devastated Sarlahi district in Nepal. The next month, a follow-up study of a large population cohort was undertaken. The study is unique in that a prospective research database was used to verify residency prior to the flood and to confirm vital status afterwards. It evaluated 41,501 children aged between two and nine years and adults aged 15-70 in 7,252 households. Flood-related fatality rates were 13.3 per 1,000 for girls and 9.4 per 1,000 for boys, 6.1 per 1,000 for women and 4.1 per 1,000 for men. Flood-related fatality rates for children were six times higher than mortality rates in the same villages a year before the flood (relative risk (RR) = 5.9, 95 per cent confidence interval (CI) 5.0-6.8). Flood-related fatality was associated with low socio-economic status preflood (RR = 6.4, 95 per cent CI 2.7-20.0), and having a house constructed of thatch (RR = 5.1, 95 per cent CI 1.7-24.5).