开发建设中生态保护与恢复标准的技术要求及其确定方法初探

在阐述开发建设中生态保护与恢复标准的技术要求涵义和构成要素的基础上,对其规定方式和确定要求的工作程序、原则与方法进行了探讨。技术要求的规定方式包括定量方式和定性方式,其中定量方式又包括规定指标限值、规定指标限值的计算方法、规定参照系和规定指标的设计保证率4种。技术要求的确定可按如下程序进行：（1）分析开发建设活动的技术环节;（2）分析开发建设活动的生态影响;（3）确定生态保护与恢复主题;（4）确定生态保护与恢复的技术要求。确定技术要求时,应遵循以下原则：（1）技术和经济因素相结合;（2）体现自然地理条件的差异;（3）考虑历史情况。技术要求的确定可以有以下5种方法：（1）实践经验与科学试验总结法;（2）借鉴相关标准法;（3）借鉴国外同类标准法;（4）推理分析法;（5）基于生态质量要求的理论计算法。     

Effects of land use,cover, and protection on stream and riparian ecosystem services and biodiversity

Protected areas are an important part of broader landscapes that are often used to preserve biodiversity or natural features. Some argue that protected areas may also help ensure provision of ecosystem services. However, the effect of protection on ecosystem services and whether protection affects the provision of ecosystem services is known only for a few services in a few types of landscapes. We sought to fill this gap by investigating the effect of watershed protection status and land use and land cover on biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. We compared the ecosystem services provided in and around streams in 4 watershed types: International Union for Conservation of Nature category II protected forests, unprotected forests, unprotected forests with recent timber harvesting, and unprotected areas with agriculture. We surveyed 28 streams distributed across these watershed types in Quebec, Canada, to quantify provisioning of clean water, carbon storage, recreation, wild foods, habitat quality, and terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity richness and abundance. The quantity and quality of ecosystem services and biodiversity were generally higher in sites with intact forest—whether protected or not—relative to those embedded in production landscapes with forestry or agriculture. Clean-water provision, carbon storage, habitat quality, and tree diversity were significantly higher in and around streams surrounded by forest. Recreation, wild foods, and aquatic biodiversity did not vary among watershed types. Although some services can be provided by both protected and unprotected areas, protection status may help secure the continued supply of services sensitive to changes in land use or land cover. Our findings provide needed information about the ecosystem service and biodiversity trade-offs and synergies that result from developing a watershed or from protecting it.     

Geography and Recovery under the U.S. Endangered Species Act

Abstract: The U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) defines an endangered species as one “at risk of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range.” The prevailing interpretation of this phrase, which focuses exclusively on the overall viability of listed species without regard to their geographic distribution, has led to development of listing and recovery criteria with fundamental conceptual, legal, and practical shortcomings. The ESA's concept of endangerment is broader than the biological concept of extinction risk in that the “esthetic, ecological, educational, historical, recreational, and scientific” values provided by species are not necessarily furthered by a species mere existence, but rather by a species presence across much of its former range. The concept of “significant portion of range” thus implies an additional geographic component to recovery that may enhance viability, but also offers independent benefits that Congress intended the act to achieve. Although the ESA differs from other major endangered‐species protection laws because it acknowledges the distinct contribution of geography to recovery, it resembles the “representation, resiliency, and redundancy” conservation‐planning framework commonly referenced in recovery plans. To address representation, listing and recovery standards should consider not only what proportion of its former range a species inhabits, but the types of habitats a species occupies and the ecological role it plays there. Recovery planning for formerly widely distributed species (e.g., the gray wolf [Canis lupus]) exemplifies how the geographic component implicit in the ESA's definition of endangerment should be considered in determining recovery goals through identification of ecologically significant types or niche variation within the extent of listed species, subspecies, or “distinct population segments.” By linking listing and recovery standards to niche and ecosystem concepts, the concept of ecologically significant type offers a scientific framework that promotes more coherent dialogue concerning the societal decisions surrounding recovery of endangered species.     

An approach to calculating allowable watershed pollutant loads

To improve the management of discharge pollutants loads in the reservoirs’ watershed, an approach of the allowable pollutants loads calculation and its allocation, based on the water environment model, was proposed. Establishment of the approach framework was described at first. Under the guidance of this framework, two major steps were as follows: modeling and scenario analysis were involved and should be applied to support the decision of discharge loads management; Environmental Fluid Dynamic Code (EFDC) model was selected as the kernel model in this framework. In modeling step, spatial discretization for establishing cell map in model, data preprocessing, parameter calibration and uncertainty analysis (which is considered as the significantly relevant factor of the margin of safety (MOS)), were conducted. As a result of the research, the model-based approach presented as a combination of estimation and precise calculation, which contributed to scenario analysis step. Some integrated modules, such as scenario simulation, result analysis and plan optimization were implemented as cycles in the scenario analysis. Finally, allowable pollutant loads under various conditions were calculated. The Chaihe Reservoir in Liaoning Province, China was used as a case study for an application of the approach described above. Results of the Chaihe reservoir water quality simulation, show good agreement with field data and demonstrated that the approach used in the present study provide an efficient and appropriate methodology for pollutant load allocation.     

基于全过程控制的铁路建设项目生态环境保护发展状况评估

铁路建设项目的生态环境影响在其全生命周期内各时期有不同的表现形式.在阐述不同时期应重点关注的生态环境保护问题的基础上,从全过程控制角度,建立了涵盖前期规划、建设期、运营期3个阶段的铁路建设项目生态环境保护发展状况评估指标体系,运用层次分析法对各指标进行权重评定.根据权重计算结果对铁路建设项目生态环境保护工作中重要时期及...     

Challenging the current strategy of radiological protection of the environment: arguments for an ecosystem approach

The system of radiological protection of the environment that is currently under development is one contribution to the general need to adequately protect the environment against stress. Dominated by operational goals, it emphasizes conceptual and methodological approaches that are readily accessible today: reference organisms supported by individual-based traditional ecotoxicological data. Whilst there are immediate advantages to this approach (pragmatism, consistency with other approaches in use for man and biota), there are also clear limitations, especially in a longer run perspective, that need to be acknowledged and further considered. One can mention a few: uncertainties generated by the need for various extrapolations (from lower to higher levels of biological organisation, …), various features missed such as potential ecological impact through impairment of ecosystem processes, trans-generational impacts as mediated through genomic instability, indirect effects mediated through trophic interactions or disruption of ecological balances,… Such limitations have already been faced in other fields of environmental protection against other stressors, pushing a number of environment professionals to assign stronger emphasis on more systemic approaches. This review discusses the advantages and limitations of the current approach designed for the radiological protection of non-human biota in the broader context of environment protection as a whole, with especial reference to upcoming trends and evolutions. This leads in particular to advocating the need to boost scientific and methodological approaches featuring the ecosystem concept as a mean to access a unified goal of protection: preserving life sustainability through protection of ecosystem structure and functioning.     

强制电流阴极保护阳极地床杂散电流干扰特性研究*

为研究杂散电流干扰影响范围及严重程度,通过现场测试典型深井和浅埋阳极地床地表电位梯度,探讨地表电位梯度分布规律,分析阳极地床杂散电流干扰特性。结果表明:深井阳极地床地表电位梯度沿阳极井中心辐射线方向先增大后减小,浅埋阳极地床地表电位梯度沿垂直于阳极体方向呈递减趋势;浅埋阳极地床地表电位梯度峰值和衰减速率均大于深井阳极,但强干扰平均影响半径仅为深井阳极的1/2;从强干扰影响半径看,应优先选用浅埋阳极地床;可通过适当增加井深、对干扰区内金属构筑物排流等方式,缓解深井阳极地床杂散电流干扰影响。研究结果可为强制电流阴极保护阳极地床选型和选址提供理论指导。     

旅游景区周边环境及范围界定

随着旅游业的快速发展和城镇现代化的推进,旅游景区周边涌现出了许多与景区不协调的问题。同时,随着社会的进步,旅游者对景区所处背景环境的要求和标准却在逐步提高,旅游者对景区的观赏已不仅仅局限于景区内将景区作为一个孤立点对待,因此将旅游资源圈起来进行封闭式开发而忽视周边环境与景区完整性的做法已不能适应游客越来越挑剔的目光。提出了旅游景区周边环境的概念,指出周边环境与旅游景区有密切的关系,是旅游景区的组成部分。论述了周边环境的特征,在此基础上进行了周边环境分类,同时基于规划和评价的实际需要,建议在今后旅游规划中应专门对周边环境进行保护整治规划。认为周边环境应有较确切的地理空间范围,据此提出了确定旅游景区周边环境范围的方法。〖     

论环境产业

本文在可持续发展视角下,把环境的保护、修复、维护的生产活动及与之直接相关的服务活动称为环境产韭,包括发挥减少、避免污染环境作用的资源再利用鼗和发挥治理污染物与修复、改善环境作用的环境维护业.通过探讨环境产业的内涵、发展历程、运行机制和在产业体系中的位置与作用,指出环境产业是在法规保障下政府强行推动产生和发展起来的,是产业体系中不可缺少的重要组成部分;考虑自然环境对社会行为的影响,改进政府行为构建适台环境产业与传统产业协调发展的经济体制是加快发展环境产业的关键.     

中国资源安全法律保障与现行关联法律配合协调的现实性

资源安全法律保障关联法律具有基础性、发散性、综合性、社会性等特征，成为资源安全法律保障体系建立的基础。资源安全法律保障与关联法律的配合协调是经济、社会、环境可持续发展的需要．是中国法律实现现代转型的需要．是法律体系建设的需要。同时．这种配合协调具有科学的可行性。