Surface waves and roughness in self-aerated supercritical flow

In high-velocity open channel flows, free-surface aeration is commonly observed. The effects of surface waves on the air–water flow properties are tested herein. The study simulates the air–water flow past a fixed-location phase-detection probe by introducing random fluctuations of the flow depth. The present model yields results that are close to experimental observations in terms of void fraction, bubble count rate and bubble/droplet chord size distributions. The results show that the surface waves have relatively little impact on the void fraction profiles, but that the bubble count rate profiles and the distributions of bubble and chord sizes are affected by the presence of surface waves.     

Large-scale turbulent structure of uniform shallow free-surface flows

The hydrodynamics of super- and sub-critical shallow uniform free-surface flows are assessed using laboratory experiments aimed at identifying and quantifying flow structure at scales larger than the flow depth. In particular, we provide information on probability distributions of horizontal velocity components, their correlation functions, velocity spectra, and structure functions for the near-water-surface flow region. The data suggest that for the high Froude number flows the structure of the near-surface layer resembles that of two-dimensional turbulence with an inverse energy cascade. In contrast, although large-scale velocity fluctuations were also present in low Froude number flow its behaviour was different, with a direct energy cascade. Based on our results and some published data we suggest a physical explanation for the observed behaviours. The experiments support Jirka’s [Jirka GH (2001) J Hydraul Res 39(6):567–573] hypothesis that secondary instabilities of the base flow may generate large-scale two-dimensional eddies, even in the absence of transverse gradients in the time-averaged flow properties.     

地理邻近性与区域创新关系探讨

与“地理学已死”的认识相反．由于知识的特性和创新的背量依赖，在区域创新的研究中地理邻近得到重视。地理邻近在区域创新经济学中的位置与传统空间经济学中的位置一样．只是创新的促进因素．而不是决定性因素。空间经济学和创新经济学在目的上是一样的．但由于各自不同的经济决定变量导致了对地理邻近性的认识是不一样的。尝试从知识流动和集体学习视角，对一直被视为“黑箱”的地理邻近性的作用机理进行探讨。研究表明。地理邻近是“距离产生美”，太多或太少的地理邻近对集体学习和区域创新都是不利的。同时地理邻近性既不是区域创新的充分条件，也不是必要条件，它和其它类型的邻近相互促进．相互替代。ICIS的发展使传统空间经济学中地理邻近的重要性降低，ICIS更进一步发展同样会使区域创新经济学中的地理邻近性重要性降低，也许未来的虚拟经济的世界里真的不太需要物理世界的地理邻近。     

冲厕污水生物处理技术研究

主要研究了复合生物技术对冲厕污水有机污染物和NH4+-N的去除效果。结果表明,在进水COD和NH4+-N负荷分别为1.2~1.4 kg COD/(m3.d)和0.10~0.11 kg NH4+-N/(m3.d)时,出水COD和NH4+-N稳定维持在15 mg/L和5 mg/L,达到国家中水回用相关标准,满足了循环冲洗水水质要求,根本上实现了冲厕污水源头治理和资源化。     

LANDSLIDE INITIATION,RUNOUT, AND DEPOSITION WITHIN CLEARCUTS AND OLD‐GROWTH FORESTS OF ALASKA1

ABSTRACT: More than 300 landslides and debris flows were triggered by an October 1993 storm on Prince of Wales Island, southeast Alaska. Initiation, runout, and deposition patterns of landslides that occurred within clearcuts, second‐growth, and old‐growth forests were examined. Blowdown and snags, associated with cedar decline and “normal” rates of mortality, were found adjacent to at least 75 percent of all failures regardless of land use. Nearly 50 percent of the landslides within clearcuts occurred within one year following timber harvest; more than 70 percent of these sites had hydrophytic vegetation directly above failures. In following the runout paths of failures, significantly more erosion per unit area occurred within clearcuts than in old‐growth forests on slopes with gradients from 9 to 28* (16 to 54 percent). Runout length, controlled by hillslope position within deglaciated valleys, was typically longer in old‐growth forests than in second growth and clearcuts (median values were 334, 201, and 153 m, respectively). Most landslides and debris flows deposited in first‐and second‐order channels before reaching the main stem channels used by anadromous fish. Slide deposits in old‐growth forests were composed of a higher proportion of woody debris than deposits derived from slides in second growth or clearcuts.     

强突松软近距离煤层群石门揭煤防突技术研究

为了研究强突松软近距离煤层群石门揭煤防突技术,安全、顺利地揭煤,基于海孜矿Ⅱ32主运石门地质条件和瓦斯赋存状况,对近距离煤层群9+8煤层实施密集预抽钻孔抽采瓦斯与低压水力冲孔卸压增透相结合的措施,防治煤与瓦斯突出。结果表明:低压水力冲孔冲煤率达到4.5%;冲孔后瓦斯抽采流量为未冲孔的10倍以上;整体瓦斯抽采率达到71.7%,比以前提高了约1.6倍,卸压增透效果明显。预抽钻孔抽采后,9煤、8煤的残余瓦斯压力,分别为0.3MPa、0.22MPa,残余瓦斯含量分别为5.23m3/t、5.13m3/t,防突效果显著,可安全、顺利地揭开9+8煤层。     

Chelant-assisted pulse flushing of a field Pb-contaminated soil

Laboratory experiments on a lead-contaminated soil were carried out to test the effects of chelant addition on metal leachability using column tests. Tests were aimed at studying metal mobilisation upon application of two different chelating agents (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid [EDTA] and ethylenediaminedisuccinic acid [EDDS]). Column operation was arranged to simulate a flushing treatment in which the chelating agent is applied in a pulse mode to the soil for one bed volume, while deionised water was continuously introduced for the rest of the experiment. Two different concentrations (3 and 5 mmol·kg ^?1 respectively) of the two chelating agents and a control solution (deionised water) were tested in separate experiments; pH, total organic carbon and the total concentrations of Pb, Zn, Fe, Cd, Cu and Ni were monitored during each run. A seven-step sequential extraction procedure was used to evaluate metal partitioning and concentration in the contaminated soil after treatment as a function of depth. The results showed the effect of the nature of flushing solution on the hydraulic behaviour of the columns. Metal concentrations in the leachate increased considerably upon the application of chelants, thus indicating their suitability for metal extraction from contaminated soils. In view of full-scale application of soil flushing, particular concern should also be devoted to ensuring a homogeneous distribution of the solution within the contaminated area and an efficient collection of the exhausted extracting solution, as well as to recovering and recycling the chelating agent used.     

四川省入境旅游客流时空动态模式研究

运用统计数据和实地调研资料,分析了四川省入境旅游客流的基本特征和时空动态变化规律。结果表明：四川入境旅游客源地市场中,国外市场和港澳台市场所占市场份额相当且交替领先,国外市场以短程市场（东北亚和东南亚）为主,日本、美国、新加坡、泰国是四川的传统客源大国;境外游客来川旅游的主要目的是观光/度假,停留时间短、消费水平较低,说明四川的入境旅游市场为低产出市场;四川入境旅游客流的发展可分为三个阶段,即初步开拓境外客源市场并迅速崛起阶段,大幅度波动并缓慢发展阶段和二次发展阶段;入境旅游客流的空间分布表现为以省会成都为中心的辐射发散型和收敛聚集型模式,各景区之间尚未形成环状或网状的旅游流,游客集中流向品位和知名度高的景点（区）。     

An interregional ecological approach for modelling sustainability in a globalizing world—Reviewing existing approaches and emerging directions

In recent decades international trade has become a major source of supplying the need and wants of billions of people around the world. Virtually everyone now consumes resource commodities and manufactured products imported from ‘elsewhere’. In effect, globalization and trade enable consuming populations to support themselves on the output of distant ecosystems half a world away. However, while economic integration implies greater ‘connectivity’ within the global village, the spatial separation of material production (including resource extraction) from consumption eliminates some of the signals i.e., the negative feedbacks coming from supporting eco-systems from reaching those who depend on these ecosystems for their sustainability. At present, despite increasing global connectedness, most environmental studies and models apply to a single spatial scale: local, national or global; analysing diverse pressures on human well-being and ecosystems integrity. This paper argues that both economic globalization and global ecological change should force us to add an interregional scale for quantifying and modelling sustainability. Such an approach recognizes that, in a globalizing world, the sustainability of any given region increasingly depends, directly and indirectly, on the sustainability of many other regions. The following pages describe the interregional approach and illustrate some existing and emerging methods for quantifying, analysing and modelling interregional linkages. It then identifies some of what is still missing, and discusses some of the implications in a changing world.