不同淋洗剂对镍污染砂土的柱淋洗研究

比较了去离子水、阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）、盐酸和柠檬酸对模拟污染砂土中镍（Ⅱ）的柱淋洗作用。SDS浓度为500、1000、1750、2500和3250mg／L,盐酸溶液pH值为0．8、1、2和3,柠檬酸溶液浓度为0．01、0．04、0．1和0．4mol／L。结果表明,几种淋洗剂对土柱中镍的淋洗曲线规律相似,即在淋洗液孔隙体积数为0．5时开始有镍淋出,随着累计孔体积数目的增大,淋洗液中镍的浓度逐渐开始增大,迭到峰值时又开始减小。在去离子水淋洗过程中,镍最大淋出浓度为90．8mg/L;五种不同浓度SDS淋洗过程中,镍最大淋出浓度分别为92．4、90．2、94．1、51．0和53．7mg／L;四种不同pH值的盐酸溶液对应的镍最大淋出浓度分别为959．5、753．3、56．3和23．9mg／L;四种不同浓度的柠檬酸对应的镍最大淋出浓度分别为318．6、793．4、930．1和1464．4mg／L。pH=1的盐酸溶液对镍的淋洗去除率最高为87．3％,其次是浓度为0．1mol／L的柠檬酸溶液,去除率为83．2％;SDS的淋洗效率低,与去离子水相当。0．1mol／L的柠檬酸溶液可为污染土壤重金属镍淋洗用试剂。     

An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions and material flows caused by the Finnish economy using the ENVIMAT model

An environmentally extended input-output (EE-IO) analysis - environmental impacts of material flows caused by the Finnish economy - was carried out in order to improve data on production and consumption in Finland. The study resulted in the ENVIMAT model, which can be used to analyze the relationship between material flows, environmental impacts and the economy. The model is based on monetary and physical input-output tables and an environmental life-cycle impact assessment. This article summarizes the main methodological aspects and findings regarding the material flows and climate impacts caused by the Finnish economy in 2002 and 2005. The Finnish model has relatively detailed input data with 150 industries and 918 products and the data on imports was assessed according to a mixed approach with the help of life-cycle inventory data. The results of the model showed that the Finnish economy uses imported material resources as much as domestic resources. Life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by imports were equivalent to 70-80% of domestic emissions. The GHG emissions embodied in imports (emissions abroad) and exports (emissions within Finland) were of the same magnitude. The analysis showed that the service sector accounted for 44% of GHG emissions caused by the domestic final use of products. Analysis of the results also showed that the indicator of total material requirement (TMR) should not be used for environmental impact comparisons of products and services. In the future, the aim is to use the ENVIMAT model for assessing temporal changes in the economy; for monitoring sustainable development; for planning climate change mitigation; and for identifying important factors in the economy and assessing their impacts.     

Analysis of Daily Peaking and Run‐of‐River Operations with Flow Variability Metrics,Considering Subdaily to Seasonal Time Scales

Environmental flows are an important consideration in licensing hydropower projects as operational flow releases can result in adverse conditions for downstream ecological communities. Flow variability assessments have typically focused on pre‐ and post‐dam conditions using metrics based on daily averaged flow values. This study used subdaily and daily flow data to assess environmental flow response to changes in hydropower operations from daily peaking to run‐of‐river. An analysis tool was developed to quantify flow variability metrics and was applied to four hydropower projects. Significant differences were observed between operations at the 99% confidence level in the median flow values using hourly averaged flow datasets. Median daily rise and fall rates decreased on average 34.5 and 27.9%, respectively, whereas median hourly rise and fall rates decreased on average 50.1 and 50.6%, respectively. Differences in operational flow regimes were more pronounced in the hourly averaged flow datasets and less pronounced or nonexistent in the daily averaged flow datasets. These outcomes have implications for the development of ecology‐flow relationships that quantify effects of flow on processes such as fish stranding and displacement, along with habitat stability. Results indicate that flow variability statistics should be quantified using subdaily datasets to accurately represent the nature of hydropower operations, especially for daily peaking facilities.     

武钢75t/h锅炉省煤器管泄漏原因分析和对策

通过对省煤器泄漏原因进行分析,得出造成泄漏的主要原因是由于近期锅炉燃料配比改变导致锅炉实际燃烧工况发生了变化,使省煤器沸腾度超过设计值,由此在省煤器蛇形管弯头和汽包布水管内壁产生汽水冲刷,使管壁减薄,最终爆开。采用减少锅炉省煤器管换热面积,降低省煤器沸腾度,并同时对汽包布水管缩径,增加锅炉给水在水平管道流速的方法,彻底消除了焦耐锅炉省煤器频繁泄漏现象,保障了3台锅炉安全连续运行。     

Internal cycle modeling and environmental assessment of multiple cycle consumer products

Dynamic annual flow models incorporating consumer discard and usage loss and featuring deterministic and stochastic end-of-cycle (EOC) return by the consumer are developed for reused or remanufactured products (multiple cycle products, MCPs), including fast and slow cycling, short and long-lived products. It is shown that internal flows (reuse and overall consumption) increase proportionally to the dimensionless internal cycle factor (ICF) which is related to environmental impact reduction factors. The combined reuse/recycle (or cycle) rate is shown capable for shortcut, albeit effective, monitoring of environmental performance in terms of waste production, virgin material extraction and manufacturing impacts of all MCPs, a task, which physical variables (lifetime, cycling frequency, mean or total number of return trips) and conventional rates, via which environmental policy has been officially implemented (e.g. recycling rate) cannot accomplish. The cycle rate is shown to be an increasing (hyperbolic) function of ICF. The impact of the stochastic EOC return characteristics on total reuse and consumption flows, as well as on eco-performance, is assessed: symmetric EOC return has a small, positive effect on performance compared to deterministic, while early shifted EOC return is more beneficial. In order to be efficient, environmental policy should set higher minimum reuse targets for higher trippage MCPs. The results may serve for monitoring, flow accounting and comparative eco-assessment of MCPs. They may be useful in identifying reachable and efficient reuse/recycle targets for consumer products and in planning return via appropriate labelling and digital coding for enhancing environmental performance, while satisfying consumer demand.     

Comparisons of four categories of waste recycling in China's paper industry based on physical input-output life-cycle assessment model

Waste recycling for paper production is an important component of waste management. This study constructs a physical input-output life-cycle assessment (PIO-LCA) model. The PIO-LCA model is used to investigate environmental impacts of four categories of waste recycling in China’s paper industry: crop straws, bagasse, textile wastes and scrap paper. Crop straw recycling and wood utilization for paper production have small total intensity of environmental impacts. Moreover, environmental impacts reduction of crop straw recycling and wood utilization benefits the most from technology development. Thus, using crop straws and wood (including wood wastes) for paper production should be promoted. Technology development has small effects on environmental impacts reduction of bagasse recycling, textile waste recycling and scrap paper recycling. In addition, bagasse recycling and textile waste recycling have big total intensity of environmental impacts. Thus, the development of bagasse recycling and textile waste recycling should be properly limited. Other pathways for reusing bagasse and textile wastes should be explored and evaluated. Moreover, imports of scrap paper should be encouraged to reduce large indirect impacts of scrap paper recycling on domestic environment.     

The design of water markets when instream flows have value

The main objective of this paper is to design and test a decentralized exchange mechanism that generates the location-specific pricing necessary to achieve efficient allocations in the presence of instream flow values. Although a market-oriented approach has the potential to improve upon traditional command and control regulations, questions remain about how these rights-based institutions can be implemented such that the potential gains from liberalized trade can be realized. This article uses laboratory experiments to test three different water market institutions designed to incorporate instream flow values into the allocation mechanism through active participation of an environmental trader. The smart, computer-coordinated market described herein offers the potential to significantly reduce coordination problems and transaction costs associated with finding mutually beneficial trades that satisfy environmental constraints. We find that direct environmental participation in the market can achieve highly efficient and stable outcomes, although the potential does exist for the environmental agent to influence outcomes.     

Timber harvest calculations on a National Forest: A case study

Harvest calculations determine sawtimber flows from public lands and are closely scruntinized by a wide spectrum of forest users. This study examines the reliability of harvest calculations on a single national forest in New Mexico Forest Service determinations of an array of variables were reviewed and evaluated. The study revealed a lack of precision in Forest Service adherence to self-imposed procedural standards governing the calculation process. Timber sales have taken place on lands where such standards prohibit harvesting and these lands have been included in annual harvest calculations. Assumptions required by a mathematical model used by the Forest Service in calculating the harvest were not followed in the subsequent implementation of the harvest level. These factors suggest that the Forest Service could have significantly over-stated annual harvest rate for the first decade. Opportunities exist to improve the calculation, and benefits realized may greatly exceed additional costs of implementation     

无机盐对活性污泥沉降性的影响

针对海水冲厕工程的实施 ,试验研究了无机盐对活性污泥沉降性的影响。以无盐稳定运行系统作为参照系统 ,分别研究了 2 0g L和 35g L盐度驯化系统内活性污泥絮凝体的形态、污泥沉降特点以及污泥微生物生态。在此基础上探讨了絮凝体的结构。试验结果表明 ,无机盐改变了活性污泥微生物生态 ,改变了絮凝体的结构 ,加强了污泥的沉降性。