基于供应链和可拓决策的食品安全预警模型及其应用

为提高食品安全预警能力,改善食品安全状况,以食品原料供应环境质量、生产加工、流通加工、销售食品质量、食品安全管理与监测作为食品安全预警的关键因素,提出一种基于供应链和可拓决策的食品安全预警模型。从供应链的角度建立食品安全预警指标体系,确定食品安全的经典域、节域和预警对象;建立食品安全预警模型并给出食品安全预警的方法和步骤;结合A省2010年的食品安全数据,定量评价A省食品安全预警状态,结合模型评价结果进行单指标和综合安全预警分析,验证该模型的合理性和适用性。研究结果表明:针对食品安全状况与预警特征,运用基于供应链和可拓决策的食品安全预警模型,能够对食品安全状态进行快速判断并有效预警。     

居民食物消费变化引致的环境足迹测算

首先对比分析了2014～2020年城乡居民食物消费结构的变化特征,其次测算了人口规模、城镇化率、人均食物消费量和食物消费结构变化对土地-水-碳足迹变化的影响程度,最后设计了食物现状消费结构S0、发展消费结构S1和更趋近膳食指南的最优消费结构S2三种情景,测算了2025年和2030年3种情景下居民食物消费引致的环境足迹.结果表明:人均食物消费量和消费结构逐渐成为影响环境足迹的主要因素,2018～2020年城镇(农村)居民人均食物消费量和消费结构对环境足迹的平均贡献率分别为51.1%(51.6%)和-17.4%(-13.1%); S1和S2下居民食物消费引致的环境足迹均小于在S0下的值.在S2下环境足迹的减少更明显.在2025年城镇(农村)居民在S2下食物消费引致的土地、水、碳足迹比在S0下减少10.5%(11.5%)、19.6%(17.2%)、12.6%(13.7%);在2030年将减少11.6%(11.9%)、21.0%(16.8%)、13.6%(14.7%).基于分析结果,提出了如何减少食物消费引致的环境足迹的建议.     

Neoliberalism and the making of food politics in Eastern Ontario

Despite their opposition to the dominant agri-food system, alternative agri-food initiatives may unwittingly reproduce central features of neoliberalism. Julie Guthman has been a particularly strong proponent of this view, arguing that food activism and neoliberalism have shaped one another dialectically in California in recent decades. This paper responds to her argument, with a view to distinguishing between what it reveals and what it may conceal about the transformative potential of alternative agri-food initiatives in North America. Drawing on primary research on a variety of community-based food initiatives in Eastern Ontario, Canada, we show how a neoliberal lens does help to illuminate some problematic characteristics of these initiatives, including assumptions about market-based solutions and focus on self-improvement at the expense of state involvement. However, this lens underestimates those aspects of community-based food initiatives that may appear commensurate with neoliberal rationalities but which also push in more progressive directions.     

Tracing the unintended consequences of food safety regulations for community food security and sustainability: small-scale meat processing in British Columbia

In 2004, as a response to the discovery of Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy in Canadian cattle and other food scares, the Province of British Columbia (BC) developed a comprehensive set of meat inspection regulations, increasing the requirements for food safety infrastructure. Through a series of interviews with farmers and stakeholders, we highlight some of the unintended consequences for community food security and sustainability that resulted from these stringent safety regulations in rural and remote communities in BC. These include the loss of meat production and processing capacities as well as the erosion of local food practices and traditions through the criminalisation of farm-gate sales. We suggest that food safety regulations intended to protect consumer health may result in negative effects for community food security and rural sustainability and that these consequences should be accounted for when developing food policy.     

Correction to: Urban water and food security in this century and beyond: Resource-smart cities and residents

The urban world population will increase from 3 to 8.5 thousand million in the 21st century. Cities become hot spots of both demand for water and global food and for disposed used water and nutrients. Sustainability requires that resource flows through our cities are co-managed and connected to agriculture. Reduced use of harmful chemicals in consumer products facilitates treatment to a quality that allows reuse/recycling of water and nutrients. A solid and liquid waste hierarchy can assist in ordering measures. A novel flexible water balance can guide city infrastructure and keep toilet water separate. New water-saving equipment can substantially reduce water use without losing personal comfort. The combination of these new approaches ascertains access to safe urban water, and that recovered nutrients from cities can substitute half of chemical fertilisers needed in food production. Now, thousands of new cities and suburbs provide unique opportunities to develop resource-smart and sustainable flows.     

全球人口与粮食的空间错位演变及影响因素分析

基于重心模型和空间错位指数方法,系统分析了1990—2017年全球人口与粮食的时空格局、空间错位特征及影响因素等。结果表明：（1）近30年来,全球人口与粮食均呈增长态势,两者的时序变化特征存在明显差异,全球人均粮食产量的区域差异特征显著,多数国家的“人粮关系”矛盾突出。（2）在全球尺度,人口与粮食重心存在显著的空间错位特征,两者在空间分布上呈现反向错位发展的态势。（3）在国家尺度,人口与粮食的空间错位格局呈现由南至北依次为“正错位区—负错位区—正错位区”。负向高错位区稳定在印度、日本等国家,正向高错位区稳定在美国、加拿大等国家。（4）全球各大洲人口与粮食的空间错位格局基本稳定,空间错位指数发生转向的国家分布在亚洲、欧洲、南美洲和非洲。（5）自然环境、国际环境、农业发展、社会环境等多种因素综合作用致使人口规模和粮食产量在空间分布上存在区域差异,促成全球人口与粮食的空间错位格局。政策启示：中国有必要加快农业供给侧结构性改革,增强农业竞争力和粮食自给率,合理统筹配置两种资源和处理两个市场之间的关系,建立规避世界粮食贸易波动和不确定性风险的应对策略,构建中国农业生态安全和粮食安全的保障体系。     

传统农区粮食生产转型机制及其安全效应——基于乡村空间治理视角

转型期乡村空间利用问题成为影响粮食安全的重要因素,开展乡村空间综合治理成为推动粮食生产有序转型的重要动力。系统分析乡村空间治理导向的粮食生产转型机制及其安全效应,有益于完善粮食安全的理论和实践分析。本文以乡村空间治理导向的粮食生产转型内在机制分析为突破,结合平原农区典型案例进行实证研究,并探讨了乡村空间治理与粮食安全的内在关系。主要结论如下：（1）乡村空间的不合理利用是限制粮食生产高效运转的重要因素。（2）乡村空间“物质—权属—组织”治理,通过改变粮食生产所需的基础条件达到优化粮食生产的目的,推动粮食生产朝着规模化、高效化、绿色化和公正化转型。（3）香埠村空间治理显著改善了该村粮食生产条件,有效协调粮食安全保障与乡村转型发展的交互作用关系。（4）乡村空间治理能力现代化是提升粮食安全保障能力的重要手段和途径。传统农区开展乡村空间“物质—权属—组织”的综合治理,有利于保障转型期粮食安全,落实“藏粮于地”战略,具有现实意义。     

Myanmar under reform: Emerging pressures on water,energy and food security

Myanmar's water‐related sectors are subject to intensive changes, as the country's abundant land and water resources provide substantial scope for development. Recent steps towards economic reform in Myanmar have led to a surge of foreign investment directed towards intensified natural resource extraction. Both the agricultural and the energy sector are increasingly affected by foreign investments that will impact the status of water, energy and food security in the country. With these on‐going developments, Myanmar's future is largely dependent on how its natural resources are managed and how the benefits from the resource extraction are shared. With various institutional changes and new actors welcomed to the sectors, existing livelihoods and ecosystems dependent on the land and water resources are to face increasing competition for the shared resources, while lacking secured access to them. There are increasing concerns that this sectoral development is occurring at the expense of environmental and social sustainability. As one way to tackle these challenges, the water‐energy‐food nexus approach could help in finding synergies and co‐benefits across sectors by addressing the imbalances along the nexus and externalities derived from the on‐going intensification.     

食物废弃物基吸附剂对水中重金属的吸附

研究用食物废弃物制得的吸附剂(FRA)对水中多种重金属的吸附,并研究酒石酸钾钠对FRA吸附重金属的影响,探讨影响的机理。结果表明,两种重金属离子共存体系中重金属离子的竞争吸附系数相当,均在0.46~0.54之间。增加共存重金属种类减弱FRA对重金属的吸附效果。初始浓度较低时,竞争吸附对FRA吸附量的影响较小。较低p H值时酒石酸钾钠的浓度对重金属Cu~(2+),Zn~(2+)及Cd~(2+)的吸附去除效果影响更大。FRA对Cu~(2+),Zn~(2+),Pb~(2+)和Cd~(2+)的吸附符合Langmuir等温式。     

钠盐对高负荷餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥中温厌氧混合发酵过程的抑制作用

针对高负荷餐厨垃圾和剩余污泥混合发酵系统在实际应用过程中存在的盐度抑制问题,通过批次试验探究了不同钠盐（CH₃COONa、NaCl和Na₂SO₄）对中温混合发酵体系的影响,考察了添加不同浓度钠盐时混合发酵体系的甲烷累积产量、有机物去除率、挥发性脂肪酸（VFAs）累积量及水解、酸化、乙酸化和产甲烷速率的抑制作用.结果表明,随着CH₃COONa浓度的增加,相应的甲烷产量逐渐增加,但在高浓度时理论甲烷产量降低,当Na⁺浓度为8 g·L^-1时,对产甲烷抑制率为21%.此外,NaCl和Na₂SO₄对甲烷累积产量具有抑制作用,相同Na⁺浓度下,Na₂SO₄对混合发酵体系甲烷产量的抑制作用更大;当SO₄^2-浓度为8.3 g·L^-1时,相应甲烷抑制率为23%.相反,Cl^-浓度为3.1~6.2 g·L^-1时,对混合发酵过程中甲烷抑制率为4.6%~7.7%;但随着Cl^-浓度增至9.3~12.3 g·L^-1时,甲烷产量提升了14.5%~37.6%.分析认为,NaCl对混合发酵过程有机物去除率的抑制作用主要是Na⁺的影响,而Na₂SO₄的抑制作用主要来源于SO₄^2-和Na⁺的协同作用.NaCl和Na₂SO₄对水解速率和产甲烷速率的抑制作用较大,而对酸化速率和乙酸化速率抑制作用较小.