正确运用BOT方式引进外资

本文论述了我国在运用BOT方式引资时，应采取通盘考虑、慎重行事、多管齐下、加快发展的策略。     

A biotechnological agenda for the third world

Third World countries should exploit the genetic information stored in their flora and fauna to develop independent and highly competitive biotechnological and pharmaceutical industries. The necessary condition for this policy to succeed is the reshaping of their universities and hospitals—to turn them into high-caliber research institutions dedicated to the creation of original knowledge and biomedical invention. Part of the service of the Third World foreign debt should be co-invested with the lending banks in high technology enterprises. This should be complemented with an active program of investments in First World biotech companies and university research departments which could contribute to the solving of problems connected with the First World. These strategic alliances would allow effective training of molecular biologists, improvement of South American universities, and education of biotechnologists, managers, and lawyers in the complexities of high-technology business. The establishment of real joint ventures between developed and underdeveloped countries might contribute to change the present strained relations between the North and the South, and science and technology could become real forces of social and economic development.     

The Gandhian approach to swadeshi or appropriate technology: A conceptualization in terms of basic needs and equity

This is an examination of the significance of Gandhi's social philosophy for development. It is argued that, when seen in light of Gandhi's social philosophy, the concepts of appropriate technology (A.T.) and basic needs take on new meaning. The Gandhian approach can be identified with theoriginal "basic needs" strategy for international development (Emmerij, 1981). Gandhi's approach helps to provide greater equity, or "distributive justice," by promoting technology that is appropriate to "basic needs" (food, clothing, shelter, health and basic education). Gandhi's social philosophy (Erikson, 1968; Roy, 1985) has been neglected by most development specialists, with only a few exceptions (e.g., Chambers, 1983; Charles, 1983). This analysis attempts to draw out some aspects of M.K. Gandhi's background and his thinking aboutswadeshi (i.e. local self-reliance and use of local knowledge and abilities) andswaraj (i.e. independent development that leads to equity and justice). Gandhi's ideas, which emerged out of an "Indic" meta-cultural background, are based on an emphasis on equity. Gandhi's syncretic Indic background includes a belief in what Bateson (1972), writing about Bali, Indonesia, has called the "steady state." Development activities should be carried out in a phased manner that does not disturb the beneficial aspects of dynamic equilibrium, but that does promote "positive development." A.T. is particularly useful within the context of a basic needs approach to international development because use of A.T. is probably more likely to lead to equitable growth. The "economic growth" strategy, utilizing "advanced technology" (or even "high tech") exclusively, has caused unemployment and has not led to effective "trickle down," much less "high mass consumption." In many developing countries the poorest 20% of the population are worse off in 1990 than they were in 1980. By making use of the "advantage of backwardness" (Veblen, 1966) and viewing development in terms of long-term impacts, a basic needs approach using A.T. is more likely to lead to a positive impact on third world food systems than a pure "economic growth" strategy.Paper presented at the Guelph Ethics & Technology Conference: Workshop on Technology and Ethical Choice in the Food Systems: Agriculture Workshop on The Impact of Agricultural Technology on Third World Food Systems. October 27, 1989, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.     

浙江省进出口产品隐含碳的计算及其影响因素

近年来,CO₂等温室气体的过多排放日益为世界各国所重视。文章对浙江省近年外贸中的CO₂含量进行分析研究。内涵碳的净出口量与其占全省碳排放的比值都呈现增加的势头;两个时期的进(出)口的规模变动效果全是正向;两个时期的进(出)口结构变动效果有明显差异,2005-2008年期间,出口的结构变动效果为7 201.89×10⁴ t,进口的结构变动效果综合后为-3 124.27×10⁴ t;在此阶段,中间投入变动效果有明显的改善,2002-2005年进(出)口的中间投入变动效果是40.34×10⁴ t(32.21×10⁴ t),2005-2008年阶段是-3 428.33×10⁴ t(-4 942.21×10⁴ t);单位GDP碳排放量变动效果也有明显改善,并且两个时期单位GDP碳排放量变动效果主要是由单位GDP能耗变动效果所决定;两个时期进(出)口单位能耗的碳排放量变动效果均非常小。     

Cracking the humanitarian logistic coordination challenge: lessons from the urban search and rescue community

The challenges of achieving successful inter‐agency logistic coordination in preparing for and responding to natural disasters and complex emergencies are both well understood and well documented. However, although many of these challenges remain unresolved, the literature reveals that the organisations that form the urban search and rescue (USAR) community have attained a high level of coherence and interoperability that results in a highly efficient and effective response. Therefore, this paper uses the idea of ‘borrowing’ from other fields as it explores how the processes and procedures used by the USAR community might be applied to improve humanitarian logistic operations. The paper analyses the USAR model and explores how the resultant challenges might be addressed in a humanitarian logistic context. The paper recommends that further research be undertaken in order to develop a modified USAR model that could be operationalised by the international community of humanitarian logisticians.     

Pollution perception: A challenge for intergenerational equity

In this article we extend the recent literature on overlapping generations and pollution by allowing generations to perceive the level of pollution differently than the actual level of pollution. We call this pollution perception. Pollution perception can visualize itself as either a concern for the flow of pollution only, or for the stock, or a combination of both. We derive this extension based on empirical evidence from recent advances in behavioural economics.Pollution perception has not only significant consequences for the steady state levels of pollution and capital, but we also find a qualitative change in the dynamics from similar models without pollution perception [A. John, R. Pecchenino, An overlapping generations model of growth and the environment, Econ. J. 104 (1994) 1393–1410]. Specifically, we derive optimal non-linear dynamics through complex eigenvalues and Hopf or Flip bifurcations for a large set of parameters. This leads to violations of two standard criteria of sustainability, suggesting that pollution perception can be another source of intergenerational inequity.     

基于环境基尼系数的控制单元水污染负荷分配优化研究

将基尼系数这一福利经济学概念引入松花江流域水污染物负荷分配过程,综合考虑水循环的社会-经济-资源-环境因素,从社会经济发展、科技进步水平、水污染治理水平和资源禀赋差异角度出发,遴选出人均GDP、重污染行业总产值比重、人均水污染物产生强度、工业水污染物去除率、生活水污染物去除率、单位国土面积水资源量、国控劣Ⅴ类断面占比7项指标,以COD及NH_3-N负荷为控制因子,辅以贡献系数这一表征外部不公平性参数,构建了以基尼系数为度量标准的流域水污染负荷优化分配模型,并据此制订了松花江流域33个控制单元基于公平性的水污染负荷分配方案。研究表明,2012年松花江流域基于7项指标的基尼系数值均大于0.4,超过了基尼系数合理警戒线,说明流域控制单元间COD及NH_3-N排放在社会经济和资源环境方面存在不公平现象,其中松花江干流和第二松花江流域是不公平性特征最为突出的两个流域。在Lingo模型优化分配得到的2020年流域各单元COD削减方案中,单元21的年削减量最大,为1.82万t/a,单元10的年均削减率最高,达8%;在相应NH_3-N削减方案中,单元21的年削减量及削减率均为最大,分别达到0.08万t/a及8%。     

中国对外贸易的环境影响综合效应分析

在全面提高开放型经济水平的背景下,需要深入分析对外贸易规模、外贸经济布局对环境影响的综合效应,全面探索对外贸易的环境效应规律。理论分析主要考察了对外贸易发展对环境影响综合效应的作用机制,在污染的需求和供给函数基础上,将环境因素分别引入对外贸易的生产者函数、消费者函数、政府税收函数,构建对外贸易环境总效应实证模型,模型分析表明,对外贸易对环境影响的规模效应体现为环境污染在不同禀赋和收入水平国家间转移;对外贸易对环境影响的结构效应体现为出口产品结构的改变,但是由于不同的比较优势,该结构效应在各经济体间的正负影响各不相同;资本积累会带来更多的污染,技术进步则会降低污染水平,二者相互作用究竟产生正面还是负面的影响效果,关键看资本积累和技术进步是否带来污染密集型产品的生产。同时基于我国29个省(市)的动态面板数据,实证检验了我国经济总量、外贸规模、外贸经济布局对环境影响的综合效应。研究表明,经济增长导致的收入效应和规模效应使污染物排放量呈现先下降然后增长的变化,而外商投资在短期内会增加环境污染,但从长期来看,正的技术效应使污染排放量呈现逐渐降低的趋势,同时受到产业结构的约束,外贸经济布局的产品效应及结构效应呈现显著的负效应。我国对外贸易对环境影响负效应产生的现实基础来源于我国的外贸结构与模式等特征的国情基础,改善我国的外贸对环境影响的负效应需要通过继续深化外贸体制改革,转变外贸增长方式,完善环境经济政策,加强国际多边合作等综合手段来实现。     

Intergenerational equity and discounting

A standard framework is presented as an underlying model for the discounting debate. Views and proposals for the techniques and rates of discounting are assessed. Alternative modeling frameworks for studying intergenerational equity issues are evaluated with the result that the basic insights they provide do not differ very much. Results from model experiments involving different discount rate proposals show that fudging the discount rate does not lead to efficient climate policy. Three major clusters of opinions are identified regarding the applicability of cost-benefit analysis to the climate change problem and the appropriate discount rate to use. It is concluded that under some very special circumstances the cost-benefit rule should be abandoned and cost-effective strategies implying standard discount rates should be sought to reach clearly defined and justified environmental targets. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

转基因毛白杨外源基因转移的环境风险分析

以8年生转Bt基因败育毛白杨雄株为实验材料,分离其体内、体外、根际土壤、蛀干桑天牛(Apripona germari Hope)排泄物中可培养的细菌和真菌,利用特异引物对获得的微生物进行转Bt基因败育毛白杨雄株外源基因PCR检测.实验发现,381株次细菌中有6株PCR检测阳性;307株次真菌中有4株PCR检测阳性.