环境规制相对力度变化对FDI的影响分析

本文利用1995-2007年间41个投资来源国和地区的数据,把41个投资来源国和地区分为25个发达国家与16个发展中国家(地区)两类,重点研究中国环境规制相对力度的变化对FDI的影响,并考察了借贷成本、双边贸易关系、经济发展水平的相似性等影响因素,运用面板数据进行中国环境规制相对力度的变化对FDI的影响的实证检验,为中国选择FDI的类型提供理论依据.本文的研究结论表明;中国——相对于投资来源国——环境规制相对力度越严格,来自发展中国家(地区)的FDI将减少;而来自发达国家的FDI并不受影响.产生这一结果的原因在于,不同外商直接投资来源国企业环保技术水平的差异导致其对环境规制的敏感程度不同.在上述结论的基础上,论文对中国选择FDI的类型从外资的来源结构、产业结构、环境技术三个方面提出了相应的政策建议.     

成本效益分析与代际公平:新代际折现思路

成本效益分析在评价涉及长期资源环境影响的项目和政策时因损害代际公平面颇受批评,因此如何修正成本效益分析使其能够用于这类项目和政策的评价是研究的焦点.本文从可持续发展理论出发,首先比较分析经验代际折现率、零社会折现率、单一环境折现率和双重社会折现率四种当前具有代表性的代际折现率的提出背景、计算方法和运用范围,然后构建基于多重社会折现率的新代际折现思路,最后以水土保持项目为例,利用数字模拟方法验证了新代际折现思路的具体运用.结果表明:其一,与四种当翦代表性的代际折现率相比,多重社会折现率在评价具有复杂环境影响的项目和政策上更其优势;其二,基于多重社会折现率的新代际折现思路能够为涉及长期资源环境影响的项目和政策评价提供系统的拆现率选择指导;其三,多重社会折现率下的环境折现率遵循随着时间推移递减,随着人造资本与资源环境间替代难度的增大而递减的原则.最后文章从构建多领域专家参与平台和编制折现率查询表两个方面提供政策建议.     

基于委托代理模型的我国矿产资源优化配置研究

矿产资源对经济社会的发展起到举足轻重的作用,对矿产资源的产权管理是解决目前供需缺口的主要方向。本文以信息经济学中的委托代理模型为基础,通过对矿产资源产权的明确界定,以及目前我国矿产资源产权管理存在的问题进行分析,通过建立多重委托代理模型,即政府垄断产权的委托代理一体化,政府所有、经营产权与企业使用产权的委托代理关系,以及引入资产经营管理公司后的双重委托代理关系,逐个分析各个模型中委托人和代理人的行为选择所带来的收益和潜在问题,探讨哪种产权配置更有效率。模型分析结果表明:构建政府、资产经营管理公司和矿业企业的三级矿产资源产权安排是最优的,能同时满足政府部门收益最大化和企业利润最大化目标。本文的结论致力于为有效解决矿产资源资产化管理中的产权配置问题提供了改革和创新思路。     

不同来源地外商直接投资与工业能源消耗强度——基于江西省11个设区市的实证研究

运用2007—2010年江西省11个设区市的面板数据,分析外商直接投资对地区工业能源强度的影响。根据来源地不同,将直接投资分为港澳台直接投资和其他外商直接投资两类。研究表明,港澳台直接投资和其他外商直接投资对地区工业能源强度有显著的正影响;与港澳台投资相比,其他外商投资对地区工业能源强度的影响更大。     

中部四大城市群（圈）外商直接投资的时空演化与竞争格局

采用熵指数与偏移一分享分析方法,对中部四大城市群近10年来外商直接投资（FDI）的时空演化与竞争格局进行了定量分析。结果表明,中部城市群FDI在不断增长过程中有分散化的总趋势,但城市群之间差异显著,具有阶段性特征;中部城市群FDI偏移增长量逐年增加,城市群之间的偏移增长量远大于城市群内部;高正偏增长城市前期主要集中在武汉城市圈、长株潭城市群,近期转向皖江城市带、东部沿江地带和中原城市群内沿京广、陇海线交汇一带。     

Green jobs for the disadvantaged: an analysis of government policies in British Columbia

This study explores the potential for societies to create more green jobs for the disadvantaged. The research questions are related to how policy instruments can support green jobs and how green jobs can support the disadvantaged. These questions are asked in the context of the province of British Columbia in Canada, with implications for the global economy. Findings indicate that green jobs policies have direct and indirect effects on the growth of sustainable industries at a municipal level. Furthermore, in BC policy, green jobs are unmistakably connected to the government perception of green growth. Finally, the preferred pathway for policy implementation appears to involve local municipalities that apply for funding for projects that can potentially connect local actors and include the disadvantaged. Several policies accomplish the inclusion of the disadvantaged. The first section of this paper provides the BC provincial context on green jobs. The second section describes and analyzes a sample of thirteen BC policy instruments, as well as concurrent labor market policy activities for their inclusion of the disadvantaged. The third section posits a provisional policy framework for training and hiring more inclusively for green jobs. The fourth section offers six recommendations to bolster green jobs for all at a national and international level.     

国外电子垃圾治理经验及启示

随着经济的发展,环境问题越来越突出,尤其是电子垃圾问题,已经引起了全社会的广泛关注.本文介绍了德,日、美及欧盟部分发达国家在治理电子垃圾方面所采取的措施及经验.借鉴国外的经验,对我国在电子垃圾治理过程中推行循环经济的理论和实践模式具有重要的现实意义和启示.     

Hurricane Katrina disaster diplomacy

Hurricane Katrina struck the United States at the end of August 2005. The consequent devastation appeared to be beyond the US government's ability to cope with and aid was offered by several states in varying degrees of conflict with the US. Hurricane Katrina therefore became a potential case study for 'disaster diplomacy', which examines how disaster-related activities do and do not yield diplomatic gains. A review of past disaster diplomacy work is provided. The literature's case studies are then categorised using a new typology: propinquity, aid relationship, level and purpose. Hurricane Katrina and its aftermath are then placed in the context of the US government's foreign policy, the international response to the disaster and the US government's reaction to these responses. The evidence presented is used to discuss the potential implications of Hurricane Katrina disaster diplomacy, indicating that factors other than disaster-related activities generally dominate diplomatic relations and foreign policy.     

Water stress, water transfer and social equity in Northern China--implications for policy reforms

Water stress in Northern China is characterized with major, inefficient irrigation water use and rapidly growing non-agricultural water demands, as well as limited water quantity and declining water quality. Water use in the region is undergoing transfer from agricultural to municipal and industrial sectors. Currently, part of the economic loss and environmental damage due to water stress can be considered as a consequence of water transfer failures, including the current transfers, which hurt farmers' livelihood and income, and the needed transfers, which industry and cities have been waiting for but have not received. This paper starts with a discussion of the causes of water stress in Northern China, which is fundamental to understand the necessity and complexity of agricultural water transfers. Following that, it reviews water transfers in Northern China as a cause for concern over the social stability, economy and environment of the region. Based on an integrated analysis of economic, environmental, fiscal and social implications, this paper begins by identifying critical barriers to smooth water redistribution; and ends with implications for policy reforms, ensuring that farmers can and will save water. It is concluded that the decisions of water reallocation under water stress should be shared by communities at all levels, from the local to the national, to ensure equal access of water, especially the availability of the basic water need for all groups.     

外商直接投资是否具有“污染光环”效应?

FDI是否引致并加剧了环境污染一直受到学界和政界的关注,并存在较大争议,形成了"污染光环"和"污染避难所"两种相互对立的假说。其中,"污染光环"假说认为,FDI通过技术溢出效应提升了东道国环境质量,而"污染避难所"假说认为发达国家企业将产业链中高污染、高能耗部分转移至发展中国家,造成了其环境质量恶化。本文将两种针锋相对的假说进行融合,认为FDI对环境污染的影响会随着经济发展和自身累积阶段的不同而呈现非对称特征,而不是非正即负,因此,将经济发展阶段和FDI自身累积分别作为转换变量,构建FDI对环境污染的面板平滑转移(PSTR)模型,研究结论如下:(1)外商投资通过发挥"示范效应"、"溢出效应"和"竞争效应"等促进了我国环保技术水平,支持了"污染光环"假说,即FDI并不是引起我国环境恶化的主要原因。(2)FDI对环境污染的影响程度随经济发展阶段的变迁存在两个转换机制,分别在人均收入达到0.527和1.027时实现转换,并且由于规模效应、结构效应和技术效应间的平衡,使得FDI随人均收入的提高抑制程度先缓慢减弱后迅速上升,最终稳定在0.165附近。(3)FDI对环境污染的影响在自身累积量为1.999处实现低区制往高区制的转变,且转换速度适中。并且,在FDI累积较低阶段,FDI对环境污染的影响不显著,但当FDI累积量超过门限值,FDI投资结构进一步升级促使其对环境污染的抑制效果开始显现。基于此提出建议:(1)在实行严格FDI进入标准、优化FDI投资结构的基础上,持续引进FDI。(2)应该适时适度地调整FDI引入政策,引导过剩FDI在城市间、产业间合理流动,实现FDI在不同城市间与不同产业间的科学分布和优化配置。