中国对外直接投资的减污降碳效应及其实现机制

在"走出去"战略和"一带一路"倡议下,中国与世界之间的商品服务贸易和生产要素流动愈发频繁,对外直接投资总量可观且增长明显;伴随着经济的粗放发展与对外投资的大幅增长,中国对外直接投资（OFDI）的环境效应备受关注.通过理论分析和逻辑推导提出了中国对外直接投资对环境造成影响的3个可能路径,选取2004~2019年中国省级数据构造将主要环境污染物排放量和碳排放量囊括在内的环境负荷指数为因变量,建立中介效应模型分析中国OFDI的母国减污降碳效应和实现机制.结果表明：①中国对外直接投资能够减轻环境负荷,OFDI每增长1%会使得环境负荷减少0.051%~0.076%;②中国OFDI通过促进产业结构高级化和技术创新进步的方式减轻母国环境负荷,其1%的增长通过二者的间接效应使得环境负荷分别减少0.060%和0.006%;通过经济规模扩大的路径则会增加环境负荷0.009%;同时,对外直接投资通过直接效应带来环境负荷减少0.014%~0.034%.以产业结构高级化、技术创新进步和经济规模扩张为中介带来的环境负荷减少的贡献度分别为65.9%~84.5%、6.6%~8.5%和-12.7%~-9.9%,OFDI直接带动环境污染负荷变化贡献度为19.7%~37.4%.最后提出了继续推动中国企业和资本走出去、鼓励国内相对劣势产业开拓国外市场、加强逆向技术溢出效应和形成可持续的低碳发展模式等政策建议.     

中外饮用水水质标准的微生物指标比较

结合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006),与国外标准(美国环保署的《美国饮用水水质标准》、欧盟的《饮用水水质指令》、世界卫生组织的《饮用水水质准则》及其他某些国家的饮用水标准)中的微生物指标进行了分析比较。综合评价了各水质标准的特点,并对我国的水质标准的微生物指标提出了意见和建议。     

Space for equity: socioeconomic variations in the provision of public parks in Hermosillo,Mexico

This article examines the intersection between globalisation and allocation of open public space by testing the spatial equity hypothesis in Hermosillo, Mexico, a regional city impacted directly by global processes. Availability and accessibility of public parks were examined using a geographic information system and neighbourhoods were stratified into quintiles based on socioeconomic status. Overall, the analysis shows that the amount of public park space in Hermosillo is substandard and its distribution reveals a pattern of spatial inequity affecting primarily residents of poor neighbourhoods. We argue that as the economy of the city grows increasingly integrated into global circuits, the global-to-local connection materialises in an unequal competition between globalised spaces and local public space. This, in turn, leads to further relegation of neighbourhoods that are already on the margins of urban equity regarding access to public parks. This study extends prior research conducted in developed countries to a city in a developing nation and fills a vacuum of information that potentially can contribute to a more equitable development in Hermosillo.     

A decision framework for estimating the cost of marine plastic pollution interventions

Marine plastic pollution has emerged as one of the most pressing environmental challenges of our time. Although there has been a surge in global investment for implementing interventions to mitigate plastic pollution, there has been little attention given to the cost of these interventions. We developed a decision support framework to identify the economic, social, and ecological costs and benefits of plastic pollution interventions for different sectors and stakeholders. We calculated net cost as a function of six cost and benefit categories with the following equation: cost of implementing an intervention (direct, indirect, and nonmonetary costs) minus recovered costs and benefits (monetary and nonmonetary) produced by the interventions. We applied our framework to two quantitative case studies (a solid waste management plan and a trash interceptor) and four comparative case studies, evaluating the costs of beach cleanups and waste-to-energy plants in various contexts, to identify factors that influence the costs of plastic pollution interventions. The socioeconomic context of implementation, the spatial scale of implementation, and the time scale of evaluation all influence costs and the distribution of costs across stakeholders. Our framework provides an approach to estimate and compare the costs of a range of interventions across sociopolitical and economic contexts.     

外来植物物种的引进对路域生态的影响

根据植被恢复的规律和公路建设的特点，分析外来植物物种在路域内的应用现状。目前本地原有的植物物种，不能满足公路路域植被迅速恢复的要求，所以在绿化施工过程中大量采用外来植物物种，但在引进的过程中存在着一定的危险性，从生态学角度分析了外来物种对路域生态环境及其周边生态环境的影响。并提出防范措施。     

Local Transport Problems and Possible Solutions: Comparing perceptions of residents,elected members,officers and organisations

It is generally accepted that the current growth in personal car use poses a serious threat to local communities and the environment, and that radical changes in transport policy are needed. In order for local authorities to develop acceptable sustainable transport options, it will be necessary that they have a clear view of the attitudes and perceptions of various groups in their community. This research compared the views of elected members and officers with those of residents and organisations in relation to the local transport situation and the use of car travel reduction measures. It was found that the views of elected members and officers reflect those of residents rather well. The views of local organisations, however, were different. Organisations were, in particular, more negative about policy measures that aim to reduce car use in the town centre. They also attached more importance to the viability of the local economy than the other respondents. However, they did agree with the other groups that the quality of life in the community would improve if there was less traffic. The consequences of these findings for local transport planning are discussed.     

The short and long run effects of tied foreign aid on pollution abatement, pollution and employment: A pilot model

There exists in the literature a presumption that tied foreign aid can be used effectively to reduce cross-border pollution. Focusing, in contrast to the received literature, on the interaction between the public and private provisions of pollution abatement in the recipient country, we question the effectiveness of tied foreign aid in reducing pollution. In this context, we obtain many novel and policy relevant insights. Allowing for changes in labour employment and distinguishing between short and long run effects, tied foreign aid is shown to crowd out the private provision for pollution abatement in the short run. In the long run, tied foreign aid raises employment and therefore may be desirable for the recipient but undesirable for the donor country because it also raises pollution. The results change drastically if only the government provides pollution abatement.     

长江三角洲地区外商直接投资空间分布及其效应研究

文章利用1986-2005年的历年资料，分析了长江三角洲FDI的分布特点及其影响因素；并分两个时段就FDI对长江三角洲经济增长的短期效应和长期效应进行了实证分析。研究表明：长江三角洲FDI主要集中长江以南地区，现有的FDI规模、区域市场容量等是主要影响因素。FDI对长江三角洲经济增长无论短期还是长期都有显著的促进作用。     

A mixed Bentham–Rawls criterion for intergenerational equity: Theory and implications

This paper proposes a welfare criterion that balances the need for development and the concern for the least advantaged generations, and explores its implications. This criterion, called the mixed Bentham–Rawls criterion, moderates the effect of discounting, yet permits some degree of intertemporal trade-off. It is a weighted average of two terms: (a) the sum of discounted utilities and (b) the utility level of the least advantaged generation. We derive necessary conditions to characterize growth paths that satisfy our criterion, and show that in some models with familiar dynamic specifications, an optimal path exists and displays appealing characteristics.     

基于模糊积分综合评价法的我国应急物资对外采购能力评价

首先构建了应急物资对外采购能力评价指标体系,然后针对我国应急物资对外采购能力评价是一个单方案、多层、多指标且指标间具有相关性的主观评价问题,提出了利用Choquet模糊积分和模糊测度构建我国应急物资对外采购能力二级综合评价模型。利用专家打分法确定单指标的模糊密度;用Choquet模糊积分算子融合指标的评语值;给出了详细的评价方法,并运用该方法对我国的应急物资对外采购能力进行评价,根据评价结果提出了存在的问题和改进建议。