中国与美国对外直接投资区位选择的比较研究

基于邓宁的国际生产折衷理论,对比了中美两国投资规模、空间分布和发展阶段,利用灰色关联分析法比较了影响两国投资区位的因子.结果表明,影响美国对外投资的主要因子是人均GNP、CH和CO2的排放量,影响中国的主要因子是直接投资净流入量、航空运输量和CPI;美国对外直接投资属于市场导向型,而中国尚处于转型期,为对外投资第三阶段.     

Environmental Equity and the Role of Public Policy: Experiences in the Rijnmond Region

This Φ Ψ study of environmental equity uses secondary quantitative data to analyze socioeconomic disparities in environmental conditions in the Rijnmond region of the Netherlands. The disparities of selected environmental indicators—exposure to traffic noise (road, rail, and air), NO₂, external safety risks, and the availability of public green space—are analyzed both separately and in combination. Not only exposures to environmental burdens (“bads”) were investigated, but also access to environmental benefits (“goods”). Additionally, we held interviews and reviewed documents to grasp the mechanisms underlying the environmental equity situation, with an emphasis on the role of public policy. Environmental equity is not a priority in public policy for the greater Rotterdam region known as the Rijnmond region, yet environmental standards have been established to provide a minimum environmental quality to all local residents. In general, environmental quality has improved in this region, and the accumulation of negative environmental outcomes (“bads”) has been limited. However, environmental standards for road traffic noise and NO₂ are being exceeded, probably because of the pressure on space and the traffic intensity. We found an association of environmental “bads” with income for rail traffic noise and availability of public green space. In the absence of regulation, positive environmental outcomes (“goods”) are mainly left up to market forces. Consequently, higher-income groups generally have more access to environmental “goods” than lower-income groups.     

环境问题对我国对外贸易的影响

随着世界经济一体化的发展和全球环境保护浪潮的兴起,贸易与环境问题日益得到世界各国政府的关注。文章阐述了环境问题与贸易的关系,并讨论了环境问题对我国对外贸易产生的各种影响。     

Which “fairness”, for whom,and why? An empirical analysis of plural notions of fairness in Fairtrade Carbon Projects,using Q methodology

Fairness is a relative concept with multiple, subjective and competing notions of what it is, how to achieve it, and for which beneficiaries. Fairtrade International's collaborative efforts to develop a standard to certify Fairtrade Carbon Credits (FCCs) brought together multiple stakeholders in a deliberative context. This paper uses Q methodology to empirically assess the notions of fairness this wider consultation group held. Three distinct ‘factors’ (or perspectives) are identified, and discussed in relation to a multi-dimensional framework for exploring fairness. The first factor prioritises development delivered through organisations, participation in decision-making and use of minimum prices to adjust trade imbalances. The second factor conceptualises a non-exclusive approach maximising generation and sales of FCCs, involving a commodity chain where everyone performs their optimum function with financial transparency and information-sharing to facilitate negotiations. The third factor involves minimising intervention, allowing carbon commodity chains and project set-ups to function efficiently, and make their own adjustments to enhance benefits access and quality received by beneficiaries. The three factors reflect debates within carbon and fair trade spheres about who should be playing which roles, who should be accessing which benefits, and how people should be supported to interact on an uneven playing field. Communicating findings to standards organisations enables a more open and inclusive policy process. Our research provides a critical reflection on these plural notions of fairness, identifying areas of (dis)agreement within the FCC dialogue, and provides a wider, yet manageable, set of inputs for supporting the FCC process during its inception and subsequent implementation. Clearer definitions of “fairness” are also useful for standards organisations in reviewing ex post whether “fairness” goals have been met.     

Interregional burden-sharing of greenhouse gas mitigation in the United States

Emissions trading is anattractive candidate for implementinggreenhouse gas mitigation, because it canpromote both efficiency and equity. Thispaper analyzes the interregional impacts ofalternative allocations of carbon dioxideemission permits within the U.S. Theanalysis is performed with the aid of anonlinear programming model for ten EPARegions and for six alternative permitdistribution formulas. The reason thatvarious alternatives need to be consideredis that there is no universal consensus onthe best definition of equity. Advanceknowledge of absolute and relative regionaleconomic impacts provides policy-makerswith a stronger basis for making thechoice. The analysis yields several usefulresults. First, the simulations indicatethat no matter how permits are allocated,this policy instrument can substantiallyreduce the cost of GHG mitigation for theU.S. in comparison to a system of fixedquotas for each of its regions. Interestingly, the welfare impacts ofseveral of the allocation formulas differonly slightly despite the large differencesin their philosophical underpinnings. Also, the results for some equity criteriadiffer greatly from their application inthe international domain. For example, theEgalitarian (per capita) criterion resultsin the relatively greatest cost burdenbeing incurred by one of the regions of theU.S. with the lowest per capita income.     

黄河流域城市群水资源利用公平性评价及影响路径分析

黄河流域集聚着兰州-西宁、呼包鄂榆、关中平原、山东半岛、中原5座国家级城市群.人口增长和城市扩张速度过快使得水资源利用不公平问题日趋严峻,导致城市群资源难以实现高效配置.本研究面向联合国提出的可持续发展目标6,在描述人均水足迹、人均水赤字、城市发展指数（City Development Index,CDI）与水资源生态系统服务价值（Water Ecosystem Service Value, WESV）时空演变特征及其差异性的基础上,采用基尼系数与贡献系数评价了2010—2021年黄河流域城市群水资源利用公平程度,并通过综合发展贡献系数和生态服务贡献系数识别了城市群功能类型,结合驱动-压力-状态-影响-响应（Drive-Pressure-State-Impact-Response, DPSIR）框架与结构方程模型探讨了影响水资源利用公平性的路径.结果表明：①2010—2021年,城市群之间人均水足迹与人均水赤字具有明显差异,CDI的差值逐步缩小,但WESV的差值逐渐扩大;②水资源利用程度同CDI之间相对公平,综合发展基尼系数均值为0.255,但同WESV之间公平程度较差,生态服务基尼系数均值为0.497, 表明城市群存在水资源利用不公平的问题.仅有兰州-西宁城市群属于“高发展贡献、高生态贡献”城市群; ③治理措施是影响黄河流域城市群 水资源利用公平性的主要原因.本研究剖析了影响城市群水资源公平配置的因素,为提高黄河流域治理能力提供了理论依据.     

建设用地扩张影响下南昌市生态系统服务变化及公平性识别

建设用地扩张与生态系统服务变化及其相互作用是影响城镇发展和生态环境保护的主要因素. 综合运用空间计量模型,探究其空间交互作用,以及识别乡镇的生态公平和扩张效率水平,对促进城镇发展和生态环境保护的综合管控具有重要意义. 通过对南昌市2000年、2010年和2020年建设用地扩张的数量和模式进行量化,使用InVEST模型综合估算生态系统服务,然后运用空间计量模型对两者的相互关系进行回归分析,最后运用公平效率指数识别乡镇的生态公平和扩张效率情况. 结果表明：①2000~2020年南昌市建设用地扩张逐渐转变为以“飞地式”扩张为主要的扩张模式,中心城区以“填充式”扩张为主;同时综合生态系统服务呈现上升趋势,但中心城区生态系统服务下降明显. ②2000~2020年建设用地扩张和生态系统服务变化存在明显空间溢出效应;建设用地扩张对不同类型生态系统服务变化的影响不同,其扩张模式的转变对综合生态系统服务变化的影响强度加重. ③2000~2020年南昌市各乡镇生态公平和扩张效率的协调性明显提升,生态公平指数总差异从0.378 4降低到0.080 5;区域生态公平呈现优化趋势,但仍有部分地区更注重扩张发展效率,忽视生态环境的保护. 因此,研究结果认为城镇发展需坚持多因素和多维度的综合考虑,合理调整发展政策,并加大对建设用地扩张模式的管制力度,以期避免建设用地的盲目扩张导致的生态环境恶化.