Effect of Climatic Changes on the Formation of Siberian Spruce Generations in Subglotsy Tree Stands of the Southern Urals

The correlation between climatic changes and the numbers of trees in the generations of Siberian spruce (Picea obovata Ledeb.) in subgoltsy tree stands of the Southern Urals was analyzed over the past 200 years. The results showed that the most abundant generations appeared in 1809–1816, 1821–1827, 1839–1845, 1850–1867, 1875–1887, 1891–1896, 1900–1904, 1911–1918, 1923–1932, 1944–1952, 1958–1966, and 1975–1995. Their formation proved to be related to the improvement of thermal conditions of the warm season during the five to seven years before and after the emergence of trees and conditions of the cold season in the year of their emergence, as well as to the periods of increased snow depth in late April in the years 27–32 of tree growth.     

长江上游退耕还林与天然林保护的问题与对策

长江上游陡坡耕地退耕还林和天然林禁伐具有长远的生态意义 ,对促进该地区农村经济结构和农业结构调整也有积极作用。但同时给这些地区带来新的挑战 :天然林禁伐区财政收入减少 ,GDP增长速度减慢 ,居民收入降低 ,以木材运输为主体的第三产业萎缩 ,劳动就业压力加大 ;退耕还林区粮食产量减少 ,农民生活受影响。当前 ,在两大工程过程中 ,出现虚报退耕面积和造林成果数字 ,一刀切 ,重视经济林、轻视生态林 ,林种和种植结构雷同 ,林区欠帐无法偿还 ,地方资金不配套 ,退耕后农业不知如何发展等问题。为此 ,笔者建议 :退耕和“天禁”与区域脱贫、社区建设相结合 ;坚持因地制宜、分生态类型区实施 ;坚持实事求是 ,反对浮夸 ;应加强科学规划 ,进行技术攻关和科技集成 ,创立新的农林牧复合种植模式、新的农业经营、管理模式     

Effects of Warming Conditions in Eastern North American Forests on Red-Backed Salamander Morphology

Abstract:  Several studies have reported climate-associated changes in phenotypically plastic traits of amphibians, yet it remains unknown whether amphibians can manifest an evolutionary response to global climate change at the rate and magnitude that it is occurring. To assess this issue, we examined temporal change in the morphology of the red-backed salamander ( Plethodon cinereus ), a small, abundant woodland salamander distributed widely in eastern North America with two distinct morphotypes: striped individuals associated with cooler microclimates and unstriped individuals associated with warmer microclimates. We compiled morph frequencies for 50,960 individual salamanders from 558 sites as recorded in the published literature and in unpublished field notes of herpetologists between 1908 and 2004. We observed that striping probability increased with increasing latitude, longitude, and elevation and decreased (from 80% to 74% range wide) with time. The combined forces of regional climate warming and, particularly, forest disturbance have evidently been sufficient to cause morphological evolution in this amphibian over the last century.     

A rhetorical analysis of the scientific debate over assisted colonization

Previous analyses of the debate on the assisted colonization of species (AC) omit a critical assessment of the rhetorical dimension of the AC debate. To address this gap, we ask: what kinds of arguments are deployed as mean of persuasion and what are the implications of the rhetorical dimension of the AC debate for decision-making on AC? Our methods consist of textual network analysis, which allowed us to generate maps of the arguments in the debate on AC and analyze these maps using standard network analytical measures. The argument maps of the AC debate emphasize different and multi-faceted value judgments. Some of these are couched in technical terms and thus are implicitly evaluative: what is an appropriate level of risk for focal species and recipient communities, how much knowledge/ignorance is sufficient to warrant action or inaction, and what species or ecosystem services are most valuable and should be prioritized in conservation science and management? Other types of arguments, however, are more explicitly evaluative: socio-economic calculations, defending or criticizing conventional principles of conservation policy, and ethical norms and values. While some of the technical aspects of the debate may be resolved by more research, the controversy over AC is unlikely to be resolved by science alone, because the issue is thoroughly enmeshed in rhetoric about who should have control over AC governance.     

浅谈生态公益林的补偿

补偿是生态公益林外部性内部化的核心问题。从生态公益林的经济学属性出发，阐述了生态公益林产生的外部性及其公共物品的属性，并对生态公益林对所在地社会经济发展产生的负外部疚及补偿问题，做了重点的讨论。提出生态公益林的补偿学应局限于单纯的经济补偿，应该为利益受损的群体提供更多的经济机会和发展空间，引导地区产业的结构调整和升级换代。     

贡嘎山森林系统小流域基流分割与降雨入渗补给计算

利用不同的方法对贡嘎山黄崩溜沟水文站实测日径流资料进行了基流分割,并利用数理统计方法对基流指数的均值、均方差、变异系数进行了计算,并对黄崩溜沟基流过程和地表径流、基流的滞后时间进行了分析。黄崩溜沟基流分割指数为0.65~0.74,平均值为0.71;枯水期,黄崩溜沟地表径流量相对降雨量滞后时间为2.7~14.5d,平均滞后8d,基流量相对地表径流滞后0.7~3d,平均滞后1.8d;丰水期,黄崩溜沟地表径流量相对降雨量滞后时间为0.7~3.7d,平均滞后1.8d,基流量相对地表径流滞后0.9~2.6d,平均滞后1.5d;考虑流域整体,计算黄崩溜沟流域降雨入渗补给系数为0.16~0.28。研究表明:利用数字滤波法中F4方法对黄崩溜沟径流进行基流分割,其结果的稳定性与可靠性最佳;丰水期黄崩溜沟地表径流量相对降雨量滞后时间明显比枯水期短,而其基流量相对地表径流滞后时间丰水期、枯水期相差不大;对某一流域径流进行基流分割时应选取多种方法,并需要对其分割结果的稳定性与可靠性进行讨论,按照流域计算降雨入渗补给地下水补给问题应考虑流域整体,尤其是在山区。     

西南喀斯特山区寿竹林地土壤微生物量与酶活性在不同坡位和剖面层次的分布特征

以重庆市梁平县城东乡云佛村寿竹(Dip)林地为研究对象,分析了不同坡位[上坡(US)、中坡(MS)、下坡(BS)]和剖面[表层(0~15 cm),底层(15~30 cm)]土壤微生物量碳、氮(SMBC、SMBN)、微生物碳熵、氮熵(qMBC、qMBN)、土壤过氧化氢酶(CAT)、碱性磷酸酶(ALK)、脲酶(URE)、蔗糖酶(INV)之间的关系.结果表明,在不同坡位下,表层土壤SMBC、SMBN、qMBC、qMBN、CAT和INV表现为BS>MS>US,ALK呈BS>US>MS,URE呈MS>US>BS;底层土壤SMBC和qMBC呈MS>BS>US,SMBN、qMBN、CAT、ALK、URE和INV呈BS>MS>US.在不同土壤层次下,SMBC、SMBN、CAT、ALK、URE和INV均表现为表层>底层;qMBC和qMBN表现为底层>表层.相关分析表明,不同坡位和剖面层次土壤微生物碳氮与土壤酶活性、含水率之间均存在显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)相关.从回归分析得出的2个方程可知,SMBC随着土壤CAT和ALK的增加而增加,随着pH的增大而减小;SMBN则随着INV和ALK的增加而增加.     

大围山典型森林土壤有机氮垂直分布特征

为了解亚热带典型森林土壤氮素和有机氮素特征,采集大围山森林公园典型森林土壤剖面(0~100 cm),按每10 cm一层采集土壤样品,研究土壤氮素和有机氮变化规律及其与土壤理化性质的关系.结果表明:1土壤全氮、酸解性有机氮、可溶性有机氮含量均随剖面深度增加而呈下降趋势,受海拔高度影响,高海拔山地花岗岩黄棕壤土壤全氮和有机氮组分含量较高;2土壤有机氮占全氮比平均97.39%±1.17%,酸解性有机氮占全氮比平均64.38%±10.68%,酸解性有机氮各组分均随剖面深度增加而降低;3土壤可溶性有机氮含量范围为9.92~23.45 mg·kg-1,游离氨基酸氮(1.62~12.02 mg·kg-1)占可溶性有机氮比为27.36%±9.95%;4酸解性有机氮、可溶性有机氮与土壤全氮、可溶性总氮、无机氮均达到显著的正相关关系(P0.05),与土壤容重、有机碳和全磷具有极显著的相关关系(P0.01).亚热带典型森林土壤中有机氮是土壤全氮的主体,受海拔高度和土壤理化性质的影响,各组分随土壤剖面深度的增加呈下降趋势,有机氮组分与各氮素形态间的转化关系密切,土壤有机氮特征将深刻影响森林生态系统氮的循环过程.     

利用多信息源提高半干旱地区TM影像的森林类型制图精度:以北京西部山区为例

以地处半干旱地区的北京西部山区为例,利用研究区森林类型的季相特征、已有的少部分林相图、Google Earth免费影像数据等信息选择不同坡向的相同森林类型做训练样本,通过加入其他辅助数据(海拔和坡向数据),来提高Landsat TM影像的森林类型分类精度,同时对比了基于像元和面向对象方法提取森林类型的效果。结果表明:1)就半干旱山区的森林类型划分来说,TM影像的TM4、TM5、TM4-TM2及辅助数据DEM和坡向可作为TM影像森林类型划分的最佳数据源。2)单独加入海拔信息,阔叶林的提取精度提高23%,针叶林和混交林的分类精度只提高了4%~5%;单独加入坡向信息,阔叶林的提取精度只提高21%,但是针叶林和混交林的分类精度则分别提高了13%、18%,显著优于单独加入海拔信息的效果。同时加入海拔信息和坡向信息,至少可以准确区分出约70%以上的针叶林、阔叶林和混交林。3)就本研究区而言,坡向比海拔更有效地辅助提高森林分类精度。4)就混淆矩阵数据而言,面向对象的分类方法比基于像元分类结果总体精度低3%,Kappa系数低4%,但面向对象的分类结果更加符合研究区实际情况。该研究对中分辨率影像应用于半干旱山区森林类型划分具有一定的借鉴意义。     

缙云山常绿阔叶林湿沉降过程中不同空间层次水质变化特征

为全面调查森林生态系统各层次降水水质状况以及对降水中各离子的截留特征,于2013年9月至2014年8月对重庆市缙云山常绿阔叶林大气降雨、林内降雨、地表枯透水、土壤渗滤液进行了持续1a的水质效应研究.结果表明,缙云山大气降雨偏酸性(pH=4.75);土壤层和林冠层均能调升降雨的pH值,其中土壤层对pH值的调升幅度最大,其次为森林林冠层.森林林冠层对NO_3~-、Na~+有一定的吸附净化作用,降雨能够淋溶森林林冠层的NH_4~+、SO_4~(2-)、PO_4~(3-)、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)和K~+.另外,枯枝落叶的降解导致构成植物组织的有机物降解为无机物,进而促使各离子质量浓度在地表枯透水中增加.森林土壤中的官能团以及胶体能够吸附并中和渗滤液中的NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、PO_4~(3-)、K~+和Mg~(2+),同时长期处于酸性条件下的土壤层也释放出部分Na~+、PO_4~(3-)和Ca~(2+).该森林生态系统对大气降水中各离子具有较强的截留作用,但各层次对降水中的各离子表现出的截留特征不尽相同,其中以林冠层的截留作用最强.