扑救森林火灾安全准则

从分析火场特征、危险条件出发,详细阐述了扑火队员在扑火过程中的行为准则和应注意的安全事项以及避险的方式方法。     

中亚热带针阔混交林土壤-大气界面释汞通量研究

为了揭示不同气候条件下森林与大气间汞交换的规律,应用动力学通量箱与Lumex RA 915+测汞仪联用技术,选择重庆缙云山国家级自然保护区为研究地点,于2011年4月~2012年3月对针阔混交林土/气界面释汞通量进行了为期1 a的连续监测,并考察了各环境因子对土壤释汞通量的影响.结果表明,缙云山针阔混交林林地土壤年平均释汞通量值为(16.82±6.70)ng·(m2·h)-1,明显高于欧美国家自然背景区;受光照、温度、相对湿度等气象因素以及亚热带地区森林植被生长变化规律影响,缙云山地区林地土壤释汞通量存在显著的季节性差异,暖季林地土壤释汞通量[(22.23±13.19)ng·(m2·h)-1]明显高于冷季[(6.01±4.05)ng·(m2·h)-1];通径分析结果表明林地土壤释汞通量的日变化特征和1 d中光照强度变化有密切关系,土温、气温和相对湿度与土壤释汞通量之间的显著相关关系可能是光照强度与土壤释汞通量相关关系的表象.     

秦皇岛市森林生态系统现状分析

通过分析秦皇岛市当前森林生态系统的现状、效益,发现秦皇岛市森林生态系统存在着分布不均、林龄结构不合理等问题;提出了退耕还林、封山育林、加大宣传力度等措施,以期秦皇岛森林生态系统走上可持续发展的道路,更好地造福于人民。     

EROSION ON LOGGING ROADS IN REDWOOD CREEK,NORTHWESTERN CALIFORNIA1

Road-related erosion was estimated by measuring 100 randomly located plots on a 180 km road network in the middle reach of R'dwood Creek in northwestern California. The estimated erosion ratn of 177 m³ km^-1 was contrasted with two earlier studies in nearby parts of the same watershed. A sizable proportion of the great reduction in erosion from that reported in the earlier studies is attributed to changes in forest practice rules. Those changes have resulted in better placement and sizing of culverts and, especially, to less reliance on culverts to handle runoff from logging roads.     

COLD WATER PATCHES IN WARM STREAMS: PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND THE INFLUENCE OF SHADING1

ABSTRACT: Discrete cold water patches within the surface waters of summer warm streams afford potential thermal refuge for cold water fishes during periods of heat stress. This analysis focused on reach scale heterogeneity in water temperatures as influenced by local influx of cooler subsurface waters. Using field thermal probes and recording thermistors, we identified and characterized cold water patches (at least 3°C colder than ambient streamflow temperatures) potentially serving as thermal refugia for cold water fishes. Among 37 study sites within alluvial valleys of the Grande Ronde basin in northeastern Oregon, we identified cold water patches associated with side channels, alcoves, lateral seeps, and floodplain spring brooks. These types differed with regard to within floodplain position, area, spatial thermal range, substrate, and availability of cover for fish. Experimental shading cooled daily maximum temperatures of surface waters within cold water patches 2 to 4°C, indicating a strong influence of riparian vegetation on the expression of cold water patch thermal characteristics. Strong vertical temperature gradients associated with heating of surface layers of cold water patches exposed to solar radiation, superimposed upon vertical gradients in dissolved oxygen, can partially restrict suitable refuge volumes for stream salmonids within cold water patches.     

山西矿区矸石山复垦种植施肥策略

围绕煤矸石缺乏有机活性物质及有效养分的问题，在矸石山复垦种植时，对施肥作了试验研究。结果表明，煤矸石风化物由于吸附性能低，保肥性差，所以施用化肥时一次用量不宜过大。并从降低复垦的投资与难度以及尽快建立一个可自我维持生长的植被出发，提出了矸石山复垦种植时化肥与污泥配合施用的施肥策略，并对污泥的施用效果做了研究。     

Ordination of Plant Communities in Forest Biogeocenoses under Conditions of Air Pollution in the Northern Kola Peninsula

The species diversity and structure of the tree, herb–dwarf shrub, and moss–lichen layers in the biogeocenoses (BGCs) of pine forests of the Kola Peninsula were analyzed in the zone affected by the Pechenganikel Combined Works. Relationships of the diversity of phytocenoses with the amount of atmospheric fallout and the concentrations of accessible compounds of polluting elements (nickel and copper) and nutrients (potassium, magnesium, and nitrogen) in forest litters were revealed.     

Effects of the Surrounding Matrix on Tree Recruitment in Amazonian Forest Fragments

Abstract:  Little is known about how the surrounding modified matrix affects tree recruitment in fragmented forests. We contrasted effects of two different matrix types, Vismia - and Cecropia -dominated regrowth, on recruitment of pioneer tree species in forest fragments in central Amazonia. Our analyses were based on 22, 1-ha plots in seven experimental forest fragments ranging in size from 1 to 100 ha. By 13 to 17 years after fragmentation, the population density of pioneer trees was significantly higher in plots surrounded by Vismia regrowth than in plots surrounded by Cecropia regrowth, and the species composition and dominance of pioneers differed markedly between the two matrix types. Cecropia sciadophylla was the most abundant pioneer in fragments surrounded by Cecropia regrowth (constituting nearly 50% of all pioneer trees), whereas densities of species in Vismia -surrounded fragments were distributed more evenly. Thus the surrounding matrix had a strong influence on patterns of tree recruitment in Amazonian forest fragments.     

论长江流域生态危机与生态建设的对策

揭示了长江流域大面积山丘、水系生态系统普遍恶化,特别是中上游地区水土流失严重,以及因此而带来的一系列严重后果。根据史料、统计资料及实测成果等,分析了生态环境恶化的原因,着重研究了水土流失等生态失调现象与森林植被的紧密关系及其演变规律,探讨了进行绿色生态建设的必要性、可能性与可行性。最后提出了建设长江流域防护林体系的宏观战略和微观措施。