Baseline assessment for environmental services payments from satellite imagery: a case study from Costa Rica and Mexico

In this study we evaluate the accuracy of four global and regional forest cover assessments (MODIS, IGBP, GLC2000, PROARCA) as tools for baseline estimation. We conduct this research at the national scale for Costa Rica and for two tropical dry forest study sites in Costa Rica (Santa Rosa) and Mexico (Chamela-Cuixmala). We found that at the national level, the total forest cover accuracy of the four land cover maps was inflated due to an overestimation of forest in areas with an evergreen canopy. However, the four maps greatly underestimated the extent of the deciduous forest (dry forest); an ecosystem that faces high deforestation pressure and poses complications to the mapping of its extent from remotely sensed data. For the tropical dry forest sites, all maps have low forest cover accuracies (mean for Santa Rosa: 27%; mean for Chamela-Cuixmala: 56%). This has implications for policy implementation.     

Types of Ectomycorrhiza of Mature Beech and Spruce at Ozone-Fumigated and Control Forest Plots

In the Kranzberg forest near Freising (Germany) a novel “Free-Air Canopy O₃ Exposure” system has been employed for analysing O₃-induced responses from sub-cellular to ecosystem levels that are relevant for carbon balance and CO₂ demand of 60-year-old beech trees. The below-ground ectomycorrhizal community was studied in two-fold ambient O₃ concentrations (five cores per sampling) and in a control plot with an ambient O₃ concentration (four cores per sampling). Five samplings were taken throughout two vegetation seasons (2003 and 2004). Types of ectomycorrhiza were determined by their morphological, anatomical and molecular characteristics and quantified by counting. The total number of mycorrhizal fine roots was higher at the fumigated plot as compared with the control site. The numbers of ectomycorrhizal types at the fumigated and control plots were 28 and 26, respectively. Cenococcum geophilum was present in all soil cores at all sampling times with a significant increase in abundance under ozone-fumigated trees. Other mycorrhizal types present at higher abundance at the fumigated than at the control plot were identified as Russula densiflora, R. fellea, R. illota, Tuber puberulum, Lactarius sp. 2 and Russula sp. 2. Some mycorrhizal types were present exclusively at the fumigated plot (Fagirhiza fusca, F. setifera, Lactarius acris, Piceirhiza nigra and Russula sp. 1). A possible ecological role for the abundant types of ectomycorrhiza and their putative application in bio-indication is discussed.     

Sensitivity analysis of a parameterization of the stomatal component of the DO3SE model for Quercus ilex to estimate ozone fluxes

A sensitivity analysis of a proposed parameterization of the stomatal conductance (g(s)) module of the European ozone deposition model (DO(3)SE) for Quercus ilex was performed. The performance of the model was tested against measured g(s) in the field at three sites in Spain. The best fit of the model was found for those sites, or during those periods, facing no or mild stress conditions, but a worse performance was found under severe drought or temperature stress, mostly occurring at continental sites. The best performance was obtained when both f(phen) and f(SWP) were included. A local parameterization accounting for the lower temperatures recorded in winter and the higher water shortage at the continental sites resulted in a better performance of the model. The overall results indicate that two different parameterizations of the model are needed, one for marine-influenced sites and another one for continental sites.     

Effect of vegetation type on throughfall deposition and seepage flux

This paper compares different vegetation types (coniferous and deciduous forest, grassed and pure heathland) in terms of input (throughfall deposition) and output (seepage flux) in a region with intermediate nitrogen load (+/-20kg Nha(-1)y(-1) via bulk precipitation) in comparable conditions in north Belgium. Coniferous forest (two plots Pinus sylvestris and two plots Pinus nigra) received significantly higher nitrogen and sulphur throughfall deposition than deciduous forest and heathland. Grassed and pure heathland had significantly highest throughfall quantities of Ca(2+) and Mg(2+), respectively. The observed differences in throughfall deposition between the different vegetation types were not univocally reflected in the ion seepage flux. Considerable seepage fluxes of NO(3)(-), SO(4)(2-), Ca(2+) and Al(III) were only found under the P. nigra plots. We discuss our hypothesis that the P. nigra forests already evolved to a situation of N saturation, while the other vegetation types did not.     

南京市典型森林群落枯枝落叶层的生态功能研究

对南京市5种典型森林群落枯枝落叶层现存量、营养元素氮磷贮存量、持水量以及吸纳重金属等生态功能的研究结果表明,5种典型森林群落枯枝落叶层现存量、对氮的贮存能力以及最大拦蓄量均以麻栎-栓皮栎群落最大;对磷和5种重金属的贮存量以银杏群落最大,麻栎-栓皮栎群落次之;枫香-桂花和三角枫群落的各项生态功能相对较弱。建议在南京市的城市森林规划和建设中,应保护好现存的地带性植物群落———以麻栎-栓皮栎为优势种的落叶阔叶林群落或营建类地带性植物群落,维护林地枯枝落叶层的完整性,将有助于改善城市生态环境。     

基于O/E模型的浅水湖泊生态系统健康评价

以长江中下游阻隔型浅水湖泊为研究对象,分析了1998—2018年116湖次底栖动物野外调查数据,构建了基于预测模型的观测物种组成/期望物种组成(O/E)指数健康评价指标体系,评价了长江中下游浅水湖泊的底栖动物物种组成完整性.O/E指数模型评价结果显示,在物种采集概率(Pc)>0阈值条件下的O/E0模型预测得到的监测湖泊...     

高森林火险天气形势及其前期气候特征与预报

利用1980-2006年27年间黑龙江省林区发生的37次特大森林火灾资料,针对高空500hPa温压场的结构,将着火前3天短期时段内的天气形势分为4类8型,在此基础上对相对湿度与气温等因子的变化进行了分析,并对高火险日数及前期气候与大气环流特征进行了预报.     

黄河三角洲不同植被类型土壤酶活性的季节变化

黄河三角洲自然保护区的酶活性季节特征一定程度影响了该地植被分布类型,为研究黄河三角洲自然保护区不同植被土壤酶活性的季节特征,分别选取碱蓬（Suaeda salsa）、柽柳（Tamarix chinensis）、芦苇（Phragmites communis）、刺槐（Black Locust）和高粱（Sorghum）5种典型植被作为研究对象,分别在4个季节采集不同深度土壤,测定土壤脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、脱氢酶、蔗糖酶活性。结果表明,土壤脱氢酶活性规律表现为碱蓬>柽柳>刺槐>高粱>芦苇,其他酶活性总体变化规律表现为刺槐>柽柳>高粱>芦苇>碱蓬;在同一季节中,不同植被间酶活性存在显著性差异,柽柳和刺槐林土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性普遍高于其他群落,碱蓬最低;土壤酶活性与土壤基础理化指标有着密切关系,土壤过氧化氢酶活性、脲酶活性和蔗糖酶活性之间存在极显著性正相关（P<0.01）,过氧化氢酶,脲酶和蔗糖酶与有机质、碱解氮呈显著性正相关（P<0.01）,脱氢酶与速效磷呈显著性正相关与pH之间呈负相关（P<0.01）;在0—...     

伊犁河谷北坡野果林群落结构及其与环境的关系

结合野外植被调查,在获取较为详细的生境数据基础上,探讨伊犁河谷北坡野果林群落与环境因子之间的定量关系.TWINSPAN和去趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)的结果表明:1)在伊犁河谷北坡野果林群落分布地段,地形因子、养分和水分条件是群落生境的基本因子;2)海拔因子指示出研究区野果林群落最基本的分化,说明海拔条件是制约研究区植物群落分布的最重要的因子;3)土壤表层水分状况与海拔关系较密切,反映了草本层群落所受到的水分条件影响;4)养分状况的差异,除了说明生境条件本身的差异外,也在一定程度上指示了群落现在生境的养分状况,受人为的影响较大.总之,在山地复杂的地形条件下,群落生境条件的差异非常显著,海拔、土壤含水率、全氮、坡向和pH值的组合,影响并控制着研究区各群落分布格局的形成.     

城市化对绿地植物组成特征的影响——以深圳为例

随着对保护生物多样性与消除城市化过程不利影响的日益重视,城市森林结构功能和发展变化已经引起广泛关注。本文基于对深圳特区城市森林详细大量的样方调查,对城市森林植物科属种的成分和地理分布进行了研究。结果表明特区共有植物106科289属445种;其中大戟科、棕榈科、桑科、樟科、桃金娘科、蝶形花科、茜草科、山茶科、禾本科、含羞草科和木兰科11科的属种数占多数,共占101属182种,占总属数的34．95％和总种数的40．9％;在289属中,种数最多的是榕属（18种）,其次是冬青属（9种）,木槿属（6种）,蒲桃属（6种）和润楠属（6种）,共占总属数的1．73％,总种数的10．11％。特区种子植物可戈Ⅱ分为13个分布区类型和14个变型。深圳特区城市森林中的热带成分共有220属,357种,分别占特区植物区系地理成分的80％和83．2％,可以看出,特区较发达的经济水平和快速城市化过程并没有改变其强烈的热带性质。城市森林作为城市生态系统中具有自净功能的重要组分受到了城市化的强烈干扰,不仅表现在景观水平上的生境破碎化,更重要的是在小尺度的物种组成结构中有明显反映,为生物多样性保护和城市森林后期更新与维护带来问题。