Home Range Size and Choice of Management Strategy for Lynx in Scandinavia

Annual and seasonal home ranges were calculated for 47 Eurasian lynx in four Scandinavian study sites (two in Sweden and two in Norway). The observed home ranges were the largest reported for the species, with study site averages ranging from 600 to 1400 km² for resident males and from 300 to 800 km² for resident females. When home range sizes were compared to the size of protected areas (national parks and nature reserves) in Scandinavia, it was concluded that very few protected areas contained sufficient forest to provide space for more than a few individuals. As a direct consequence of this, most lynx need to be conserved in the multiuse seminatural forest habitats that cover large areas in Scandinavia. This conservation strategy leads to a number of conflicts with some land uses (sheep and semidomestic reindeer herding, and roe deer hunters), but not all (forestry and moose harvest). Accordingly research must be aimed at understanding the ecology of these conflicts, and finding solutions.     

基于MODIS影像的洪泽湖水生植被覆盖时空变化特征及影响因素分析

水生植被是湖泊生态系统的重要组成部分,在改善湖泊水质、维护生物多样性方面起到重要的作用.当前我国湖泊普遍面临富营养化和水生植被退化等问题,监测水生植被时空变化特征、探究主要影响因子,对于保护水生植被和修复富营养化湖泊生态系统具有重要意义.因此,本文选用2007～2017年中等分辨率卫星MODIS数据,引入植被频次法(vegetation present frequency,VPF)提取水生植被信息,结合气象因子和人类活动分析了洪泽湖近11 a水生植被的时空变化特征及潜在影响因素.结果表明,洪泽湖水生植被VPF存在着明显的季节和年际变化,VPF春夏显著高于秋冬(P 0. 05,one wayANOVA),最大值0. 43出现在6月,最小值0. 21出现在1月,4～10月生长期显著高于其他月份.年际上,洪泽湖北部湖区(Z1) VPF呈现显著降低的趋势(R2=0. 56,P 0. 01),由2008年的最高值0. 50下降到2016年最低值0. 27,下降了45. 8%,表明水生植被在该地区呈现快速退化趋势.空间上,洪泽湖水生植被VPF整体上由沿岸带向开敞水域递减,其中北部(Z1)和西部湖区(Z2)高于其他湖区(Z3～Z5).洪泽湖全湖VPF年际变化受年均气温、年降水量、年平均风速和年日照时数影响不显著(P 0. 05),表明气候要素对洪泽湖水生植被年际变化影响较小.在采砂活动和水生植被共同存在的北部湖区,总悬浮物浓度与VPF存在显著负相关(R2=0. 48,P 0. 01),表明采砂导致的总悬浮物浓度增加是影响Z1区域水生植被退化的重要原因,又以采砂区附近表现尤为明显.     

森林类型对森林火灾自组织临界性的影响

在真实的森林系统中，由于外界因素的复杂性，森林火灾的自组织临界性要受到影响。森林类型便是影响森林火灾自组织临界性的一个重要因素。本文研究了以密度为控制参数的森林火灾模型以及这个模型在森林密度不同时产生的相变行为，发现对过于稀疏或者过于密集的森林类型，森林火灾的分布会偏离甚至完全背离幂律关系，从而使得自组织临界性不再满足。     

植被下垫面Z0的估算及其改进影响评估

利用卫星遥感反演数据和多种观测资料,基于形态学-遥感反演的方法,估算我国主要植被下垫面的空气动力学粗糙度长度(Z₀),将其应用于区域大气化学模式(WRF-Chem)中改进模式默认Z₀值,并结合全国气象和污染物观测数据进行改进效果评估,探究Z₀改进对模式气象场和化学场模拟结果的影响.结果表明:(1)Z₀高值主要位于森林类下垫面,可超过1m;农田、草地类下垫面Z₀值较小,低于0.5m,其余植被下垫面的Z₀值基本介于两者之间.(2)Z₀改进后,10m风速(WS10)和地表温度(TSK)的改进效果较好,而2m温度(T2)和相对湿度(RH)的改进效果不明显;从空间分布和不同下垫面结果来看,Z₀对TSK主要是增温作用,对WS10是减小作用;就改进比(各要素改进后的模拟值与改进前的模拟值之差比上改进前的模拟值,下同)而言,Z₀改进对WS10的影响大于TSK.从对污染物浓度效果评估看,Z₀对PM_2.5和PM₁₀模拟改进效果较好,对其它污染物(SO₂、NO₂、O₃)的改进效果不明显.(3)对比气象要素和污染物浓度效果评估可知,Z₀改进对气象要素的影响大于污染物浓度,其主要是通过影响气象场来间接影响污染物浓度.总的来看,Z₀改进影响最大的是气象场的10m风速,考虑其原因在于改进后的Z₀普遍高于改进前模式默认Z₀值,而Z₀是表征地表粗糙度的变量,由于地表粗糙度的增加,增强了对气流的阻碍作用,使得近地层风速减小.     

干旱沙区人工固沙植被演变过程中土壤有机碳氮储量及其分布特征

通过测定干旱沙区不同年代人工植被固沙区土壤剖面1 m深度容重和有机碳、全氮含量,估算了人工固沙植被演变过程中土壤有机碳和全氮储量特征及其垂直分布格局.研究表明,干旱沙区人工固沙植被演变过程中,0～100 cm深土壤有机碳和全氮储量均呈增加趋势;有机碳氮储量表现出了固沙初期的显著增加期(<16 a),随后的缓慢增加积累期(16～25 a),及后期的显著增加期(>25 a),该变化趋势主要体现在0～20 cm的表层.土壤有机碳氮储量增加程度随深度增加有降低趋势,并且表层土壤(0～20 cm)有机碳和全氮储量远大于深层土壤(20～100 cm);固沙初期土壤有机碳和全氮储量的增加体现在0～100 cm各个深度,而随后积累期主要体现在0～20 cm深度,固沙后期的增加也主要在0～20 cm深度,20 cm以下增加不明显;0～100 cm深土壤有机碳氮储量表聚性随固沙植被演变越来越明显.明确了降水<200 mm的沙区人工固沙过程中植被和土壤特征的改变对土壤有机碳氮储量及分布特征的影响,为更好地理解干旱人工植被区的碳循环特征和预测该生态系统与气候变化间的反馈关系奠定了基础.     

基于无人机可见光影像的绿色植被提取

在分析健康绿色植被光谱特性及无人机可见光影像典型地物各波段像元值差异的基础上,提出一种综合利用红、绿、蓝3个可见光波段信息的新型绿色植被指数——差异增强植被指数(DEVI).利用该指数及其他8种常见可见光植被指数结合不同阈值方法提取研究区域绿色植被信息,并采用地表真实感兴趣区和基于SVM的监督分类方法进行精度量化评价....     

基于机器学习算法的精细化流场模拟研究

基于决策树和随机森林两种机器学习算法,以长沙市国控站气象观测数据和WRF模式模拟得到的风场数据构建数据集,对WRF预报长沙市城区风场数据进行优化.同时,利用树模型特征选择法,筛选对近地面风场数据有重要影响的气象要素,将其作为两种机器学习算法的输入,并利用网格搜索法进行调参建模.最后,将训练结果与地面观测数据进行对比评估...     

Setting Practical Conservation Priorities for Birds in the Western Andes of Colombia

We aspired to set conservation priorities in ways that lead to direct conservation actions. Very large‐scale strategic mapping leads to familiar conservation priorities exemplified by biodiversity hotspots. In contrast, tactical conservation actions unfold on much smaller geographical extents and they need to reflect the habitat loss and fragmentation that have sharply restricted where species now live. Our aspirations for direct, practical actions were demanding. First, we identified the global, strategic conservation priorities and then downscaled to practical local actions within the selected priorities. In doing this, we recognized the limitations of incomplete information. We started such a process in Colombia and used the results presented here to implement reforestation of degraded land to prevent the isolation of a large area of cloud forest. We used existing range maps of 171 bird species to identify priority conservation areas that would conserve the greatest number of species at risk in Colombia. By at risk species, we mean those that are endemic and have small ranges. The Western Andes had the highest concentrations of such species—100 in total—but the lowest densities of national parks. We then adjusted the priorities for this region by refining these species ranges by selecting only areas of suitable elevation and remaining habitat. The estimated ranges of these species shrank by 18–100% after accounting for habitat and suitable elevation. Setting conservation priorities on the basis of currently available range maps excluded priority areas in the Western Andes and, by extension, likely elsewhere and for other taxa. By incorporating detailed maps of remaining natural habitats, we made practical recommendations for conservation actions. One recommendation was to restore forest connections to a patch of cloud forest about to become isolated from the main Andes. Establecimiento de Prioridades Prácticas para la Conservación de Aves en los Andes Occidentales de Colombia     

Comparison of vegetation conditions along two backcountry trails in Mount Robson Provincial Park, British Columbia (Canada)

Vegetation conditions, i.e., plant cover, species richness, and the presence of exotic species, are compared along a high-use trail (Berg Lake Trail--BLT) and a low use trail (Mt. Fitzwilliam Trail--FWT) in Canada's Mt. Robson Provincial Park. We established 71 paired quadrats (1 m x 1 m), and assessed the amount of vegetation cover and species richness by four main lifeforms, i.e., woody species, herbaceous species, ferns, and moss, lichen and fungi. The following hypotheses were tested: (1) differences exist between control and trailside quadrats in vegetation cover, species richness and floristic diversity, and (2) differences exist between the high and low-use trails in the above-mentioned three parameters. Results show that for the majority of variables the differences between the control and trailside quadrats are statistically not significant. Variables showing significant differences are relative vegetation cover (for BLT only), exposed soil (BLT and FWT), herbaceous cover (FWT), moss, lichen and fungi cover (BLT), overall species richness (BLT), and herbaceous species richness (BLT). Ruderal and exotic species are present but only on trailside quadrats of the high-use trail. Results indicate that the Park administration's strategy to disperse use in the Mt. Robson Provincial Park should be examined critically, and some guidelines for acceptability of changes should be developed.