岷江上游退耕还林与生态恢复的问题和对策

退耕还林因地域的差异存在不同的问题。长江上游山区本质属于受干扰山地系统,生态恢复需从多尺度和多角度入手。作为一个契机,退耕还林对生态恢复的作用在持续性和生态性上存在着矛盾和统一,同时也存在不同利益主体之间的博弈。针对岷江上游区域,在分析了社会、生态复杂性的基础上,通过对不同区域的对比,讨论了人工林种植后的生态效应,研究发现抚育较好的人工林生物多样性和土壤质量指数增加,人工林需要加强人为的干预,并根据在该区域的社会经济调查,指出了退耕还林存在的问题并提出了相应的对策。     

1990~2020年阿克苏河流域土地利用碳排放时空轨迹与影响因素

土地利用变化会导致不同类型碳源和碳汇功能变化,是碳排放的关键来源.从土地利用变化的角度开展阿克苏河流域碳排放及其影响因素研究,对于促进流域山水林田湖草沙冰一体化保护修复、助力碳达峰与碳中和目标实现具有重要意义.基于1990~2020年的4期土地利用数据与同期社会经济数据,测算土地利用碳排放总量,探究土地利用碳排放时空轨迹及其影响因素.结果表明:①1990~2020年,耕地、林地、建设用地和未利用地整体呈增加趋势,草地和水域呈减少态势.土地利用类型空间变化特征主要表现为草地、未利用地转换为耕地;②1990~2020年流域净碳总排放量呈现持续上升趋势,累计增加了14.78×10⁴ t,耕地面积增加是引起流域净碳排放量增长的关键因素;③流域土地利用碳排放量空间上呈中间高四周低的分布格局,净碳排放量显著变化区域主要分布在温宿县南部、阿克苏市、阿瓦提县及阿拉尔市;④人类活动对土地利用碳排放驱动作用最强且其影响由东部向西部逐渐增大,年均气温对土地利用碳排放影响贡献主要集中在阿克苏市东部和阿瓦提县北部,年均降雨量对温宿县北部和阿合奇县西部的抑制作用较强.     

我国北方沙尘暴与植被覆盖度关系研究

利用NOAA/AVHRR和旬归一化植被指数NDVI数据,计算了1983-2000年中国北方13省市区的植被覆盖度,分析了这些地区植被覆盖度的时间变化趋势和空间分布规律,研究了中国北方沙尘暴与植被覆盖度之间的关系。结果表明:我国北方沙尘灾害频次与植被覆盖度有很好的对应关系,1983-2000年的18年间,我国北方大部分地区植被覆盖度增加,这段时期沙尘灾害频次总体呈降低趋势,其中20世纪80年代我国北方大部分地区植被覆盖度增加,这一时期我国北方沙尘暴发生频数下降;20世纪90年代,我国北方大部分区域植被覆盖度呈下降趋势,特别是华北和西北干旱与半干旱地区,下降趋势显著,这一时期我国北方沙尘暴发生频数在减少中有回升趋势。研究结果表明,植被覆盖度是影响中国北方沙尘暴频次变化的重要因素。     

浅谈如何做好扑救森林火灾中的安全工作

根据多年的森林火灾扑救经验,论述了扑救森林火灾应把握的原则、扑救要点及火场紧急避险的方法。     

浅析大兴安岭地区森林火灾的主要火源及其预防

引发大兴安岭地区森林火灾的火源有人为火和自然火,其中人为火源主要有野外吸烟、烧荒、上坟烧纸等;自然火源主要是雷击火等。根据主要火源,提出了一些预防措施。     

Monitoring of Vegetation Development in Technogenically Disturbed Areas of the Usinskoe Oil Field

Vegetation development and changes in the characteristics of the substrate in technogenically disturbed sites in the Usinskoe oil field were monitored for ten years (1992–2002). It has been demonstrated that 86 species of vascular plants and 12 species of bryophytes constitute the vegetation formed on fill-up soils during the first stages of recovery succession. A succession of dominant species was observed in the tenth year of monitoring. Differences in plant composition on the ground surface of different technological zones of plots located in different landscapes are described.__________Translated from Ekologiya, No. 4, 2005, pp. 269–274.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Zheleznova, Kuznetsova, Evdokimova, Turubanova.     

Insuring Southeast Asian commercial forests: Fire risk analysis and the potential for use of data in risk pricing and reduction of forest fire risk

The author uses his own data gleaned from over 10 years of commercial forestry insurance across the world to propose that despite a low intrinsic fire risk across most of Southeast Asia, especially Indonesia, commercial fire losses are unacceptably high, and could be reduced substantially within the current financial legal and political framework within which forestry companies operate. Opening with a statement about the dearth of forest fire loss data in the commercial sector, it is observed that the consequent inability of general insurers to estimate the rate of fire loss leads to very low insurance participation in forestry within Indonesia. A summary is then provided of the financial and environmental benefits of insurance participation in commercial forestry were this situation to be changed. A short discussion on risk perceptions is introduced to make the point that without reliable commercial forest fire loss data, risk perceptions of fire exposure in Southeast Asia by the financial sector, including insurers, is a barrier to risk transfer and investment. While real fire risk and perceived fire risk for Indonesia seem at present to be in agreement, the paper challenges that this should the case. Comparisons are made with different parts of the world with the knowledge that, in commercial terms, plantations in the low latitudes behave similarly everywhere in terms of fire causes, fire propagation factors, and characteristics of plantation or managed mixed forest fires. A review of the fire sizes within commercial forests is a good indicator of the efficiency of fire management strategies, and profiles from a high fire risk territory and Indonesia are compared. Using commercial and unidentified data the author then demonstrates that commercial growers in Indonesia have a high annual rate of forest fire loss and may also have a significant catastrophe fire exposure. This ‘cat’ exposure is far greater than for equivalent plantations in clearly higher fire risk environments. These conclusions are and should be discussed with forestry companies to change attitude and investment levels. Practical points for improved plantation fire management are made along with comments about the resources required. A parallel discussion then reviews fire risk assessment and management by the insurers to prevent their own ‘forest fire’ losses if they are to get further involved with the provision of Indonesian commercial forest risk transfer. The explanation of how insurers price risk within a portfolio helps identify the specific data needed for a proper risk management strategy to be developed.     

Microscale Spatial Variation in Forest Litter Phytotoxicity

The spatial variation (within a 100 × 100 m plot) in the pollution of forest litter with heavy metals (Cu, Cd, Pb, and Zn), its acidity, and phytotoxicity (measured by the results of the root test using seedlings from a genetically homogeneous sample of common dandelion (Taraxacum officinale s.l.) have been estimated. Forest litter has been sampled in three zones differing in the toxic impact of long-term polymetal pollution by emissions from a copper-smelting plant emissions in the Middle Urals. The phytotoxicity variation is maximum in a moderately polluted plot, where both very high and very low pollution levels were observed, which determines a substantially nonlinear dose–effect relationship. The litter phytotoxicity is mainly accounted for by exchangeable forms of metals. Biological testing of samples from the most polluted plot has demonstrated marked antagonism between heavy metals and acidity.