1990~2015年间贵州省植被生态环境质量变化特征

通过长时间序列较空间高分辨率植被生态环境质量变化分析,厘清贵州省1990~2015年植被生态环境质量宏观动态变化特征,为区域植被恢复和生态环境建设提供决策依据。以Landsat TM、ETM+、OLI和ASTER GDEM为数据源,提取植被盖度、土壤指数、湿度指数和坡度指标,应用综合指数评价模型得到贵州省3期植被生态环境质量专题图,划分植被生态环境质量等级和优劣度。结果表明:25年间,全省植被生态环境质量以"优""良"为主,"中"减少20.18%,"优"增加16.27%,植被生态环境质量总体好转;全省植被生态环境质量呈东南部优于中西部的空间格局;1990、2000和2015各州市的植被生态环境质量"优""良"加总最高值和最低值之差分别为37.1%、21.13%和12.21%,植被生态环境质量空间差异逐期减小。至2015年,六盘水市、毕节市、遵义市和黔西南州植被生态环境质量改善明显,安顺市、六盘水市、贵阳市和黔西南州处于全省相对较差水平。未来应加强黔西南和黔中地区植被生态环境治理,尤其要注重对安顺市、六盘水市、贵阳市和黔西南州的治理。     

非农就业对南方集体林区不同规模林农营林轮伐期的影响

在中国农村劳动力非农就业不断加速的背景下,探讨非农就业对集体林区不同规模林农营林轮伐期的影响机制,有助于明确不同规模经营主体今后的用材林营林目标和林业在山区未来的经营发展模式,同时为林业规模化经营的合理性提供客观依据。基于劳动力转移新经济学理论,通过对浙江、江西和福建三省450户林农的调查,收集杉木营林的地块投入产出数据,在此基础上,运用Faustmann模型计算规模户与普通户的理论最优轮伐期,运用计量模型分析非农就业对集体林区不同规模林农采伐轮伐期的影响机制。研究结果发现,普通户和规模户的理论最优轮伐期趋同;非农就业的劳动力流失效应造成普通户营林的预期主伐时间显著短于理论最优轮伐期,而规模户非农就业带来的收入效应造成其采伐决策接近于理论最优轮伐期。在农村非农就业不断增加背景下,南方集体林区规模化经营的方式有利于接近最优采伐决策,更适合于培育大径材,增加林业生态和经济效益。     

当代森林火灾防控对策研究

我国森林防火事业应走科学防火、人文防火相结合的道路。在历史森林火灾资料散落和缺失的背景下,依据解放后森林火灾资料,考查分析表明我国森林火灾的特点是森林火灾严重、森林火灾发生地方比较集中、森林火灾具有一定的季节性并且森林火灾具有5-6年和10年的准周期,防控失误原因是指导思想缺乏科学的方法与人文的关怀、宣传有死角,火源管理不严、执行规章制度不严、防火阻隔带建设不够完善和专业扑火队员少,业务素质差;设备落后。我国森林火灾防控应该转换思路,从过去以牺牲人的生命为代价转换到以人为本的路径上来,通过充分利用符合国情的各项防火对策,有效促进各个林区的林火管理,提高林火控制能力,减少森林火灾,保护森林资源、生态环境和林区人民生命财产安全,实现林区社会稳定和林业可持续发展。     

南京近郊主要森林类型对土壤重金属的吸收与累积规律

研究了南京近郊针、阔叶树种杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)、麻栎(Quercus acutissima)对重金属元素铬、铜、镍、铅、锌的吸收和累积规律.研究结果表明,5种重金属元素在2种林分的枯落物层含量均高于灌草层和乔木层各部位,但由于乔木层生物量较大,重金属元索在2种森林生态系统中主要储存在乔...     

Evaluating weather effects on interannual variation in net ecosystem productivity of a coastal temperate forest landscape: A model intercomparison

Forest productivity is strongly affected by seasonal weather patterns and by natural or anthropogenic disturbances. However weather effects on forest productivity are not currently represented in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3 used in national forest C accounting programs. To evaluate different approaches to modelling these effects, a model intercomparison was conducted among CBM-CFS3 and four process models (ecosys, CN-CLASS, Can-IBIS and 3PG) over a 2500 ha landscape in the Oyster River (OR) area of British Columbia, Canada. The process models used local weather data to simulate net primary productivity (NPP), net ecosystem productivity (NEP) and net biome productivity (NBP) from 1920 to 2005. Other inputs used by the process and inventory models were generated from soil, land cover and disturbance records. During a period of intense disturbance from 1928 to 1943, simulated NBP diverged considerably among the models. This divergence was attributed to differences among models in the sizes of detrital and humus C stocks in different soil layers to which a uniform set of soil C transformation coefficients was applied during disturbances. After the disturbance period, divergence in modelled NBP among models was much smaller, and attributed mainly to differences in simulated NPP caused by different approaches to modelling weather effects on productivity. In spite of these differences, age-detrended variation in annual NPP and NEP of closed canopy forest stands was negatively correlated with mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September (T_amax) in all process models (R² = 0.4-0.6), indicating that these correlations were robust. The negative correlation between T_amax and NEP was attributed to different processes in different models, which were tested by comparing CO₂ fluxes from these models with those measured by eddy covariance (EC) under contrasting air temperatures (T_a). The general agreement in sensitivity of annual NPP to T_amax among the process models led to the development of a generalized algorithm for weather effects on NPP of coastal temperate coniferous forests for use in inventory-based models such as CBM-CFS3: NPP′ = NPP − 57.1 (T_amax − 18.6), where NPP and NPP′ are the current and temperature-adjusted annual NPP estimates from the inventory-based model, 18.6 is the long-term mean daily maximum air temperature during July-September, and T_amax is the mean value for the current year. Our analysis indicated that the sensitivity of NPP to T_amax was nonlinear, so that this algorithm should not be extrapolated beyond the conditions of this study. However the process-based methodology to estimate weather effects on NPP and NEP developed in this study is widely applicable to other forest types and may be adopted for other inventory based forest carbon cycle models.     

Scale-dependent relations in land cover biophysical dynamics

The exploration of the relationships between plant biotic dynamics and scale can reveal important information on ecosystem spatial organization by addressing preservation of information integrity in upscaling/downscaling procedures of land-surface parameterization for environmental modeling applications. Scale-dependent relations of vegetation dynamics are investigated in this study by using emergent biophysical characteristics obtained through a predictive multidimensional model of vegetation anomalies derived from remote-sensing observations. In particular, the analysis is focused on the spatial organization of some phenological parameters including deterministic variations (seasonal range, interannual variability, jump discontinuities) and stochastic components (plant memory, spatial correlations). The analysis is performed using MODIS-based Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 16-day composites for the period from March 2000 to December 2006 over Italy at different levels of spatial aggregation (1-8 km). Scale-dependences of the statistical moments of the phenological parameters are quantified through simple power laws for five distinct vegetated land covers. Results suggest that some biophysical characteristics, especially deterministic components, show no preferential spatial scale for important coverage. In particular, broad-leaved forests and natural grasslands are characterized by deterministic and low-distance spatial components well explained by scale relationships, which are modulated by possible spatiotemporal dynamics of climatic drivers. Agricultural lands show high scale-dependent relations on short-term biophysical memory sources and low-distance spatial components of phenology likely related to hierarchical interactions of anthropogenic and ecological processes; whereas mixed patterns of croplands and natural areas generally present no consistent scaling relations.     

Individual-based modeling of flooding and salinity effects on a coastal swamp forest

Coastal swamps are among the rapidly vanishing wetland habitats in Louisiana. Increased flooding, nutrient and sediment deprivation, and salt-water intrusion have been implicated as probable causes of the decline of coastal swamps. We developed a two-species individual-based forest succession model to compare the growth and composition of a cypress-tupelo swamp under various combinations of flooding intensity and salinity levels, using historical time-series of stage and salinity data as inputs. Our model simulates forest succession over 500 years by representing the growth, mortality, and reproduction of individual Taxodium distichum (baldcypress) and Nyssa aquatica (water tupelo) trees in a 1-km² spatial grid of 10 m × 10 m cells that vary in water levels and salinity through differences in elevation. We independently adjusted the elevations of each cell to obtain different grid-wide mean elevations and standard deviations of elevation; this affected the temporal and spatial pattern of flooding. We calibrated the model by adjusting selected parameters until averaged basal area, stem density and wood production rates under two different mean elevations (partially versus highly flooded) were qualitatively similar to comparable values reported for swamps in the literature. Corroboration involved comparing model predictions to four well-monitored contrasting habitat sites within the Maurepas Basin, Louisiana, USA. Model predictions of both species combined showed the same patterns among sites as the data, but the model overestimated wood production and the dominance of T. distichum. Exploratory simulations predicted that increased flooding leads to swamps with reduced basal areas and stem densities, while increased salinity resulted in lower basal areas at low salinity concentration (∼1-3 psu) and complete tree mortality at higher salinity concentrations (∼2-6 psu). Our model can provide insight into the succession dynamics of coastal swamps and information for the effective design of restoration actions.     

九连山自然保护区常绿阔叶林冰雪灾害研究

以九连山国家级自然保护区典型常绿阔叶林为对象,研究树木属性、地形因子与冰雪灾害受损程度的关系.结果表明:九连山常绿阔叶林(DBH≥10 cm)以栲属物种占据主要优势.断梢率、腰折率、翻蔸率和平均受损指数(MDI)最高的树种分别为马尾松、米槠、丝栗栲和米槠,最低的树种分别为红楠、丝栗栲、枫香和罗浮柿.断梢率与胸径(DBH)、树高(H)显著正相关(P<0.01),与H/DBH显著负相关(P<0.01);腰折率与DBH显著负相关(P<0.01);翻蔸率与DBH显著负相关(P<0.01).林分受损程度分析显示,在22≤DBH<24 cm、15≤H<17 m或100≤H/DBH<110时,MDI值最高,在40≤DBH<42 cm、5≤H<7 m或H/DBH≥120时,MDI值最低.坡向对腰折率和MDI值影响显著(P<0.01),N-NE生境中MDI值最高;坡度对树木不同受损指标影响不显著(P>0.05),坡度30°～40°生境中MDI值最高.     

豫南山区不同群落类型近地表层持水特性

为了分析不同植物群落在不同生长阶段近地表层的持水能力及其差异特征,该文通过选择豫南山区不同群落不同生长阶段的50个典型样地,对近地表层的地上草和枯落物的有关持水能力指标进行测定分析。结果表明：地上草生物量呈随林龄的增大而减少的趋势,与其持水量之间呈极显著正相关关系（P〈0.01）,其拦蓄能力变化趋势为：草丛〉灌丛〉针叶林（20 a）〉针叶林（45 a）〉针阔混交林（20 a）〉针阔混交林（30 a）〉阔叶林（10 a）〉针阔混交林（50 a）〉阔叶林（20 a）〉阔叶林（30 a）;枯落物最大持水量、有效拦蓄量与现存量间呈正相关关系,其中最大持水量变化趋势为：灌丛〉阔叶林（20 a）〉阔叶林（30 a）〉针阔混交林（30 a）〉针阔混交林（20 a）〉针阔混交林（50 a）〉针叶林（20 a）〉阔叶林（10 a）〉针叶林（45 a）〉草丛。该地区不同群落类型近地表层总持水能力变化趋势为：灌丛〉针叶林〉阔叶林〉针阔混交林〉草丛,这说明应当加大对乔木林分林下植被的保护,以利更好的水土保持效果。     

Managing Forests for Increased Regional Water Yield in the Southeastern U.S. Coastal Plain

With growing populations fueling increased groundwater abstraction and forecasts of greater water scarcity in the southeastern United States, identifying land management strategies that enhance water availability will be vital to maintaining hydrologic resources and protecting natural systems. Management of forested uplands for lower basal area, currently a priority for habitat improvement on public lands, may also increase water yield through decreased evapotranspiration (ET). To explore this hypothesis, we synthesized studies of precipitation and ET in coastal plain pine stands to develop a statistical model of water yield as a function of management strategy, stand structure, and ecosystem water use. This model allowed us to estimate changes in water yield in response to varying management strategies across spatial scales from the individual stand to a regional watershed. Results suggest that slash pine stands managed at lower basal areas can have up to 64% more cumulative water yield over a 25‐year rotation compared to systems managed for high‐density timber production, with the greatest increases in stands also managed for recurrent understory fire. Although there are important uncertainties in the magnitude of additional water yield and its final destination (i.e., surface water bodies vs. groundwater), this analysis highlights the potential for management activities on public and private timber lands to partially offset increasing demand on surface and groundwater resources.