厌氧膜生物反应器中亲疏水性有机物的膜污染特征

采用树脂吸附脱附的方法对厌氧膜生物反应器（AnMBR）中溶解性微生物代谢产物（SMP）的6种亲疏水性有机物进行了分离,其中,亲水中性物质是SMP的主要成分,占总有机物的74.84%.多糖、蛋白质和腐殖质类物质在亲疏水性有机物中均有分布.采用恒压死端过滤的方式对比分析了6种亲疏水性有机物的微滤特性,发现在TOC浓度相同的条件下,亲水性碱（HIB）是造成膜通量下降最快的物质,其次是亲水中性物（HIN）和疏水性酸（HOA）,膜通量下降速率与有机物平均粒径呈指数相关关系（R²=0.9965）.采用过滤模型对微滤过程进行拟合,HOA、HIN和HIB的过滤过程分别符合标准堵塞模型、中间过滤模型和滤饼过滤模型的特征,与其粒径分布特征相对应.试验进一步对比了亲疏水性有机物污染层的可逆性,结果表明HIN造成的膜污染不易通过物理反冲洗得到恢复.     

波纹微通道湍流促进器减缓SFMBR的膜污染效果分析

主要通过浸没式平板膜生物反应器的膜污染阻力分布和膜表面的污染特性来分析波纹微通道湍流促进器减缓浸没式平板膜生物反应器的膜污染效果.结果表明,波纹微通道湍流促进器有效地降低了总阻力Rt,降低率达到68.01%,其中的Rrf、Rc和Rp+Ra分别降低54.20%、87.98%和84.00%;滤饼层厚度、有机和无机污染成分都减少,且污染层更易去除.综合膜污染阻力分布和膜表面污染物表征结果从扰流作用强化机理、逆扩散机理、絮凝机理和微孔强化过滤机理四个方面分析了波纹微通道湍流促进器减缓浸没式平板膜生物反应器膜污染的效果.     

臭氧-粉末炭联用作为预处理缓解膜污染的效果与机制

研究臭氧、粉末炭以及它们的组合作为超滤膜的预处理,控制膜污染以及去除有机物的效果和机制.结果表明,臭氧主要氧化强疏组分的大分子有机物,将其转化为中分子和亲水性的小分子.臭氧可有效控制膜污染,表明大分子的疏水有机物是主要的污染因素.粉末炭可吸附小分子有机物,也可缓解膜污染,说明小分子有机物也对膜污染有所贡献.臭氧与粉末炭的组合不仅有效控制膜污染,还可强化有机物的去除,它们之间存在协同作用.     

Advanced treatment of municipal wastewater by nanofiltration: Operational optimization and membrane fouling analysis

Municipal sewage from an oxidation ditch was treated for reuse by nanofiltration (NF) in this study. The NF performance was optimized, and its fouling characteristics after different operational durations (i.e., 48 and 169 hr) were analyzed to investigate the applicability of nanofiltration for water reuse. The optimum performance was achieved when transmembrane pressure = 12 bar, pH = 4 and flow rate = 8 L/min using a GE membrane. The permeate water quality could satisfy the requirements of water reclamation for different uses and local standards for water reuse in Beijing. Flux decline in the fouling experiments could be divided into a rapid flux decline and a quasi-steady state. The boundary flux theory was used to predict the evolution of permeate flux. The expected operational duration based on the 169-hr experiment was 392.6 hr which is 175% longer than that of the 48-hr one. High molecular weight (MW) protein-like substances were suggested to be the dominant foulants after an extended period based on the MW distribution and the fluorescence characteristics. The analyses of infrared spectra and extracellular polymeric substances revealed that the roles of both humic- and polysaccharide-like substances were diminished, while that of protein-like substances were strengthened in the contribution of membrane fouling with time prolonged. Inorganic salts were found to have marginally influence on membrane fouling. Additionally, alkali washing was more efficient at removing organic foulants in the long term, and a combination of water flushing and alkali washing was appropriate for NF fouling control in municipal sewage treatment.     

Identifying the major fluorescent components responsible for ultrafiltration membrane fouling in different water sources

Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation–emission matrix(EEM) coupled with parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC) was performed for a total of 18 water samples taken from three water sources(two lakes and one wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) secondary effluent),with the purpose of identifying the major ultrafiltration(UF) membrane foulants in different water sources. Three fluorescent components(C1, C2 and C3) were identified,which represented terrestrially derived humic-like substances(C1), microbially derived humic-like substances(C2), and protein-like substances(C3). The correlations between the different fluorescent components and UF membrane fouling were analyzed. It was shown that for the WWTP secondary effluent, all three components(C1, C2 and C3) made a considerable contribution to the irreversible and total fouling of the UF membrane.However, for the two lakes, only the C3 exhibited a strong correlation with membrane fouling, indicating that the protein-like substances were the major membrane foulants in the lake waters. Significant attachment of C1, C2 and C3 to the UF membrane was also confirmed by mass balance analyses for the WWTP secondary effluent; while the attachment of C1 and C2 was shown to be negligible for the two lakes. The results may provide basic formation for developing suitable fouling control strategies for sustainable UF processes.     

水处理中膜分离技术种类及特性研究

随着时代进步,科技发展,中国的环境问题尤其是水污染日益严重,而饮用水质量紧密关系着人们的健康,所以保证饮用水的水质安全,是给水厂重要的使命与责任.膜分离技术由于兼有分离、浓缩、纯化和精制的功能,又有高效、节能、环保、分子级过滤及过滤过程简单、易于控制等特征具有自身独特的优势.给水厂的常规处理工艺已然不能满足水质的要求,深度处理虽能大大提高水质,但是国内逐渐发展起来的超滤技术在去除水中致病微生物方面效果显著.简要介绍膜分离技术的种类及在给水处理中的应用.     

倒置A2/O-MBR组合工艺处理生活污水效能及膜污染特性

将自制高强度PVA亲水化改性复合膜应用于倒置A2/O-MBR工艺中,处理模拟生活污水,考察了系统对COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷及浊度的去除效果以及膜性能的变化.结果表明,在不同回流比条件下,COD、氨氮、总磷等去除率变化不大,分别大于90%、95%、80%;回流比对总氮的去除效果有一定的影响,回流比为100%时去除率较低,当回流比从100%增加到300%时,去除率相应增大,在膜的高效截留作用下,膜出水浊度始终小于0.05NTU,控制膜通量为(12±0.5)L·(m2·h)-1,连续运行52 d,未对膜进行任何清洗,膜污染平均速率为13.22 Pa·h-1,膜污染进程缓慢.经FTIR分析,多糖和蛋白质是膜有机污染物的主要成分,多为亲水性物质.膜与污染物之间的微观作用力的测定表明LB为膜主要污染物,与FTIR分析一致.     

Anoxic gas recirculation system for fouling control in anoxic membrane reactor

Anoxic gas recirculation system was applied to control the membrane fouling in pilot-scale 4-stage anoxic membrane bioreactor(MBR). In the anaerobic-anoxic-anoxic-aerobic flow scheme,hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) membrane(0.2 μm, 7.2 m2/module) was submerged in the second anoxic zone. During 8 months operation, the average flux of the membrane was 21.3L/(m2·hr). Chemical cleaning of the membrane was conducted only once with sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration in the second anoxic zone was maintained with an average of 0.19 ± 0.05 mg/L. Gas chromatography analysis showed that the headspace gas in the second anoxic reactor was mainly consisted of N2(93.0% ± 2.5%), O2(3.8% ± 0.6%), and CO2(3.0% ± 0.5%), where the saturation DO concentration in liquid phase was 1.57 mg/L. Atmospheric O2 content(20.5% ± 0.8%) was significantly reduced in the anoxic gas. The average pH in the reactor was 7.2 ± 0.4. As a result, the recirculation of the anoxic gas was successfully applied to control the membrane fouling in the anoxic MBR.     

膜生物反应器中膜过滤特征及膜污染机理的研究

以膜生物反应器处理市政污水,通过对活性污泥进行终端过滤来反映膜污染机理,实验表明,最初很短时间内膜污染受膜孔堵塞模型控制,之后受沉积层阻力模型控制,后一阶段是膜污染的主要控制阶段;膜的相对通量随过滤时间呈指数衰减趋势,压力越大,通量衰减越快;污泥沉积层存在压密过程,这一过程中的污泥比阻随压力增大而增大,并得到处理市政污水的污泥压密指数为0.807 8;阻力分布实验表明沉积层阻力占总阻力的90%以上,是膜过滤污染阻力的主要组成部分;活性污泥各组分对膜污染均有贡献,其中悬浮固体、胶体颗粒和溶质产生的阻力分别占87.98%、6.20%和5.82%;根据实验和计算结果,探讨了MBR处理市政污水过程中可能的膜污染机理.     

碳纳米管界面改性超滤膜的抗污机理解析

以碳纳米管(CNT)为核心改性材料,采用喷涂法对聚醚砜(PES)超滤膜进行界面改性,研究改性膜的抗污染性能.结果表明:改性膜经聚乙烯醇交联稳定后,呈现微弱的通透性降低和明显的亲水性提升,CNT交织网状层提高了界面粗糙度;在牛血清白蛋白(BSA)污染试验中,CNT-10改性膜的抗污性能最好,在20mg/L BSA试验后,...