Towards a better hydraulic cleaning strategy for ultrafiltration membrane fouling by humic acid: Effect of backwash water composition

As a routine measurement to alleviate membrane fouling, hydraulic cleaning is of great significance for the steady operation of ultrafiltration (UF) systems in water treatment processes. In this work, a comparative study was performed to investigate the effects of the composition of backwash water on the hydraulic cleaning performance of UF membranes fouled by humic acid (HA). Various types of backwash water, including UF permeate, Milli-Q water, NaCl solution, CaCl₂ solution and HA solution, were compared in terms of hydraulically irreversible fouling index, total surface tension and residual HA. The results indicated that Milli-Q water backwash was superior to UF permeate backwash in cleaning HA-fouled membranes, and the backwash water containing Na⁺ or HA outperformed Milli-Q water in alleviating HA fouling. On the contrary, the presence of Ca^2 + in backwash water significantly decreased the backwash efficiency. Moreover, Ca^2 + played an important role in foulant removal, and the residual HA content closely related to the residual Ca^2 + content. Mechanism analysis suggested that the backwash process may involve fouling layer swelling, ion exchange, electric double layer release and competitive complexation. Ion exchange and competitive complexation played significant roles in the efficient hydraulic cleaning associated with Na⁺ and HA, respectively.     

Identifying the major fluorescent components responsible for ultrafiltration membrane fouling in different water sources

Three-dimensional fluorescence excitation–emission matrix(EEM) coupled with parallel factor analysis(PARAFAC) was performed for a total of 18 water samples taken from three water sources(two lakes and one wastewater treatment plant(WWTP) secondary effluent),with the purpose of identifying the major ultrafiltration(UF) membrane foulants in different water sources. Three fluorescent components(C1, C2 and C3) were identified,which represented terrestrially derived humic-like substances(C1), microbially derived humic-like substances(C2), and protein-like substances(C3). The correlations between the different fluorescent components and UF membrane fouling were analyzed. It was shown that for the WWTP secondary effluent, all three components(C1, C2 and C3) made a considerable contribution to the irreversible and total fouling of the UF membrane.However, for the two lakes, only the C3 exhibited a strong correlation with membrane fouling, indicating that the protein-like substances were the major membrane foulants in the lake waters. Significant attachment of C1, C2 and C3 to the UF membrane was also confirmed by mass balance analyses for the WWTP secondary effluent; while the attachment of C1 and C2 was shown to be negligible for the two lakes. The results may provide basic formation for developing suitable fouling control strategies for sustainable UF processes.     

正渗透技术在水和废水处理中的应用研究

正渗透(Forward osmosis,FO)技术是一种由渗透压驱动的膜技术,与传统的机械压力驱动的膜技术相比,具有出水水质高、能耗低、操作压力小、设备简单易操作、污染小等特点,近年来在水和废水处理的研究领域受到越来越多的关注.但FO技术目前仍然存在一些问题,如浓差极化、膜污染、汲取液溶质返混和汲取液的后处理等,使之目前仍未得到广泛的应用.本文对已有FO技术的相关文献进行较为全面系统的归纳,介绍了FO技术的原理,以及在海水脱盐、市政污水处理、特种废水处理等领域的应用,讨论了影响FO运行的主要因素(主要包括FO膜、汲取液、原水性质和运行条件等方面),并着重阐述了FO技术目前存在的问题(浓差极化、膜污染、汲取液溶质返混和汲取液的后处理).最后,对FO技术未来的研究和发展方向给出了建议.     

水处理中膜分离技术种类及特性研究

随着时代进步,科技发展,中国的环境问题尤其是水污染日益严重,而饮用水质量紧密关系着人们的健康,所以保证饮用水的水质安全,是给水厂重要的使命与责任.膜分离技术由于兼有分离、浓缩、纯化和精制的功能,又有高效、节能、环保、分子级过滤及过滤过程简单、易于控制等特征具有自身独特的优势.给水厂的常规处理工艺已然不能满足水质的要求,深度处理虽能大大提高水质,但是国内逐渐发展起来的超滤技术在去除水中致病微生物方面效果显著.简要介绍膜分离技术的种类及在给水处理中的应用.     

溶液环境对荷电超滤膜和传统中性超滤膜去除天然有机物的影响

以Aldrich 腐殖酸溶液为水样,研究比较了溶液环境(pH值、离子强度和钙离子)对荷电改性再生纤维素超滤膜和传统中性未改性再生纤维素超滤膜过滤过程的影响.结果表明, ①pH值主要通过质子化作用影响荷电膜以及腐殖酸分子的荷电量,进而影响荷电超滤过程.溶液pH值从7.5下降到3.5时,荷电超滤膜对腐殖酸的截留率从92%减少到79%,超滤4 h时,膜通量下降从26%增加到36%.②离子强度的改变是通过影响腐殖酸分子的物化性质和静电屏蔽作用来影响超滤过程的.当溶液离子强度为0、 3和100 mmol/L时,初始截留率依次降低,分别为92%、 87%和48%,超滤4 h时,荷电超滤膜的通量下降依次增加,分别为26%、 35%和63%.③Ca2+浓度的影响,需要综合考虑静电屏蔽作用、Ca2+的架桥作用以及滤饼层的压实性等各方面的影响.④pH值、离子强度和钙离子对中性超滤膜过滤行为的影响趋势与荷电超滤膜相似,但其影响程度有着较大的差别.研究结果对荷电超滤膜技术在实际应用中选择合适环境条件提供了参考.     

倒置A2/O-MBR组合工艺处理生活污水效能及膜污染特性

将自制高强度PVA亲水化改性复合膜应用于倒置A2/O-MBR工艺中,处理模拟生活污水,考察了系统对COD、氨氮、总氮、总磷及浊度的去除效果以及膜性能的变化.结果表明,在不同回流比条件下,COD、氨氮、总磷等去除率变化不大,分别大于90%、95%、80%;回流比对总氮的去除效果有一定的影响,回流比为100%时去除率较低,当回流比从100%增加到300%时,去除率相应增大,在膜的高效截留作用下,膜出水浊度始终小于0.05NTU,控制膜通量为(12±0.5)L·(m2·h)-1,连续运行52 d,未对膜进行任何清洗,膜污染平均速率为13.22 Pa·h-1,膜污染进程缓慢.经FTIR分析,多糖和蛋白质是膜有机污染物的主要成分,多为亲水性物质.膜与污染物之间的微观作用力的测定表明LB为膜主要污染物,与FTIR分析一致.     

农副食品加工业高浓度废水的厌氧膜生物反应器技术

农副食品加工业COD年排放量在41种行业废水中排名第2,污染减排刻不容缓.农副食品加工业废水COD浓度高达8 000~30 000 mg·L-1,目前主要采用厌氧-好氧组合工艺处理,存在工艺流程长、管理难和成本高等问题.厌氧膜生物反应器(anaerobic membrane bioreactor,AnMBR)由于高效的膜与厌氧微生物协同作用,具有COD去除率高(92%~99%),COD负荷率高[2.3~19.8 kg·(m3·d)-1]等工艺特征,同时排泥少(SRT>40 d),基建成本低(HRT为8~12 h).根据高浓度COD的不同构成,COD甲烷化的限速步骤可分为水解酸化限速型、产甲烷限速型.AnMBR的膜污染特征及其控制比好氧MBR更为复杂和困难,现有膜污染控制措施包括错流过滤、曝气冲洗和膜松弛等.针对我国农副食品加工业高浓度废水达标排放的技术需求,AnMBR主要研究方向为提高COD去除率、控制膜污染和提高能源回收率,从而实现短流程厌氧的出水一步达标.     

不同原水中膜污染物质的表征与确定

本文采用有机物的组分分析、相对分子质量分布及三维荧光等分析手段,研究了青草沙水库和滆湖原水的膜过滤通量的表现,探讨了膜污染的机理.试验结果表明,中亲组分有机物造成的微滤膜和超滤膜的通量下降最为严重,而疏水性有机物对通量的影响甚微.滆湖水对微滤膜的通量下降较青草沙水库水严重,而青草沙水库水对超滤膜的通量下降较滆湖水严重.膜污染机理的分析表明,微滤膜污染主要由膜孔堵塞造成,而超滤膜的通量主要受大分子有机物形成的滤饼层的影响.三维荧光分析表明,蛋白质类的有机物是造成膜污染的主要物质.     

Anoxic gas recirculation system for fouling control in anoxic membrane reactor

Anoxic gas recirculation system was applied to control the membrane fouling in pilot-scale 4-stage anoxic membrane bioreactor(MBR). In the anaerobic-anoxic-anoxic-aerobic flow scheme,hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) membrane(0.2 μm, 7.2 m2/module) was submerged in the second anoxic zone. During 8 months operation, the average flux of the membrane was 21.3L/(m2·hr). Chemical cleaning of the membrane was conducted only once with sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite. Dissolved oxygen(DO) concentration in the second anoxic zone was maintained with an average of 0.19 ± 0.05 mg/L. Gas chromatography analysis showed that the headspace gas in the second anoxic reactor was mainly consisted of N2(93.0% ± 2.5%), O2(3.8% ± 0.6%), and CO2(3.0% ± 0.5%), where the saturation DO concentration in liquid phase was 1.57 mg/L. Atmospheric O2 content(20.5% ± 0.8%) was significantly reduced in the anoxic gas. The average pH in the reactor was 7.2 ± 0.4. As a result, the recirculation of the anoxic gas was successfully applied to control the membrane fouling in the anoxic MBR.     

序批式膜生物反应器同时脱氮除磷的比较研究

对比了厌氧-好氧(AO)及厌氧-缺氧-好氧(A²O)2种运行模式序批式膜生物反应器(SBMBR)对模拟生活污水同时脱氮除磷的性能.结果表明,2种运行模式的SBMBR对有机物及氨氮的去除率分别可保持在90%和95%以上.A²O MBR具有更强的释磷能力,其SPRR₃₀(前30min比释磷速率)比AO MBR高出47.5%;但SPUR₃₀(前30min比吸磷速率)却比AO MBR低,这是导致前者膜出水中TP值较后者高的原因之一.2个系统内污泥均有反硝化除磷能力,A²O MBR中DPAO(反硝化聚磷菌)的比例比AO MBR提高了57%;硝酸盐为电子受体时单位电子转移所吸收的磷,前者比后者高30%.这2个因素双重作用的结果导致了A²O MBR反硝化除磷能力的提高.A²O MBR系统曝气时间减半并没有加重膜污染,反而该系统的膜污染相对较轻.膜对有机物有较好的过滤截留作用,污泥沉降性能对SBMBR出水水质影响很小.