好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器中的污泥性质与膜污染研究

好氧颗粒污泥膜生物反应器运行了75 d,其COD、氨氮和总氮去除率分别为91%~95%、89.57%~100%和48.25%~90.84%;运行过程中颗粒污泥出现了一定程度的解体,污泥沉降性能出现了恶化,污泥比阻由起始的1.085×1013m/kg上升到反应末期的2.712×1013m/kg;胞外聚合物维持在44.71~72.23 mg/g之间.对膜组件污染特性进行研究,发现膜表面滤饼层阻力和膜孔堵塞阻力分别为5.32×1011m-1和2.34×1011m-1,占到总阻力的67.42%和29.66%.通过对膜污染物质进行红外光谱分析,发现膜污染的主要物质为蛋白质和糖类物质.     

荷电超滤膜去除水中天然有机物的研究进展

较传统的超滤过程,使用荷电膜的超滤技术能实现对水中天然有机物(NOM)更高的去除率,并同时减少膜污染。文章从膜材料性质、溶液环境和NOM性质这几方面来综述荷电超滤膜去除水中天然有机物的研究进展。最后对荷电超滤膜去除NOM方面的进一步研究工作提出了建议。     

碳纳米管预沉积改性膜的污染机理研究

为探究碳纳米管(Carbon Nanotubes,CNTs)预沉积改性膜的污染机理,本研究使用正压过滤法将CNTs预沉积在3种孔径的有机膜(20 kDa聚醚砜膜、0.01 μm和0.1 μm聚偏二氟乙烯膜)表面,研究了CNTs预沉积改性膜过滤3种典型污染物(牛血清蛋白、腐殖酸、海藻酸钠)过程中的膜污染情况.根据比通量、Hermia模型和传统滤饼过滤模型,对恒压死端过滤3种典型污染物过程中的污染机理进行了系统评价.结果表明,20 kDa PES膜和0.01 μm PVDF膜表面预沉积CNTs改性后,过滤3种典型膜污染物质时的膜污染情况都得到了一定程度的缓解.20 kDa PES膜表面预沉积CNTs后过滤HA初期为完全孔堵塞与滤饼过滤相结合的复合污染机理,最终转变为滤饼过滤;过滤SA的污染机理为完全孔堵塞与滤饼过滤相结合的复合污染机理.0.01 μm PVDF膜表面沉积CNTs改性后过滤HA初期的污染机理为膜孔堵塞与滤饼过滤相结合的复合污染机理,然后经过向滤饼过滤转变的过渡阶段,最终形成滤饼过滤,且随着CNTs沉积量的增加,过渡阶段持续时间延长.0.1 μm PVDF膜表面预沉积CNTs后过滤3种污染物,均未能缓解膜污染,膜污染机理不受CNTs沉积改性的影响,其过滤BSA和HA的污染机理为膜孔堵塞,过滤SA过程的污染机理符合滤饼过滤.     

Electro-assisted CNTs/ceramic flat sheet ultrafiltration membrane for enhanced antifouling and separation performance

• A stable and electroconductive CNTs/ceramic membrane was fabricated. • The membrane with the electro-assistance exhibited optimal fouling mitigation. • The removal efficiency was improved by the -2.0 V electro-assistance. • Electro-assisted filtration is energy-saving than that of commercial membrane. Ultrafiltration is employed as an important process for water treatment and reuse, which is of great significance to alleviate the shortage of water resources. However, it suffers from severe membrane fouling and the trade-off between selectivity and permeability. In this work, a CNTs/ceramic flat sheet ultrafiltration membrane coupled with electro-assistance was developed for improving the antifouling and separation performance. The CNTs/ceramic flat sheet membrane was fabricated by coating cross-linked CNTs on ceramic membrane, featuring a good electroconductivity of 764.75 S/m. In the filtration of natural water, the permeate flux of the membrane with the cell voltage of -2.0 V was 1.8 times higher than that of the membrane without electro-assistance and 5.7-fold greater than that of the PVDF commercial membrane. Benefiting from the electro-assistance, the removal efficiency of the typical antibiotics was improved by 50%. Furthermore, the electro-assisted membrane filtration process showed 70% reduction in energy consumption compared with the filtration process of the commercial membrane. This work offers a feasible approach for membrane fouling mitigation and effluent quality improvement and suggests that the electro-assisted CNTs/ceramic membrane filtration process has great potential in the application of water treatment.     

压力驱动膜的污染与防治

介绍了各种压力驱动膜的适用范围,讨论了膜污染的机理,并从膜的性质、操作条件、料液的预处理和膜的清洗4个方面阐述了如何防治膜的污染。     

三维滤布自生动态膜-生物反应器运行特征

选用三维滤布和单滑面无纺布两种基材构建自生动态膜-生物反应器,考察两者对自生动态膜-生物反应器膜污染的影响。结果表明:出水水头2 cm,MLSS 8~10 g/L,曝气量0.2 m3/h条件下,两反应器对有机物和氨氮的平均去除率分别达到90%和96%,稳定运行一段时间后,膜通量分别降至31.0和29.6 L/(m2.h)。相对于单滑面无纺布,三维滤布膜阻力更小、污染程度更轻,稳定运行时间更长。     

膜生物反应器中生物铁对活性污泥性能的影响

污泥性能是决定污水处理效果的关键因素. 通过向膜生物反应器中添加生物铁来强化污水处理效果,研究膜生物反应器中生物铁对活性污泥性能的影响,比较普通膜生物反应器(普通MBR)和生物铁膜生物反应器(生物铁MBR)中的污泥指数(SVI)、污泥质量浓度〔ρ(MLSS)和ρ(MLVSS)〕、污泥的脱氢酶活性和耗氧活性. 结果表明,生物铁膜生物反应器中的污泥结构紧密,生物相丰富,污泥质量浓度比较稳定;生物铁MBR的SVI受进水负荷影响较小,能够克服污泥膨胀的影响;生物铁MBR污泥的脱氢酶活性和耗氧活性与普通膜生物反应器相似,随水力停留时间(HRT)的缩短或泥龄(SRT)的延长脱氢酶活性和耗氧活性呈下降趋势.      

曝气管开孔直径对一体式膜-生物反应器的影响

在中试水平上考察了3种不同开孔直径的穿孔曝气管(A:φ4mm,B:φ2mm,C:φ1mm)对一体式膜-生物反应器整体性能的影响.清水充氧性能试验表明,3种穿孔管条件下的反应器整体充氧性能基本一致;流态特性分析显示,3种穿孔管条件下的反应器流态均近似完全混合流.水动力学特性试验发现,升流区液体表观流速随着升流区曝气强度的增大呈现先上升后趋于稳定的现象,低曝气强度[<120m³/(m²·h)]时穿孔管A条件下的升流区液体表观流速最高,高曝气强度[>120m³/(m²·h)]时3种穿孔管条件下的升流区液体表观流速趋于一致(稳定值约为0.4³m/s),恒通量膜过滤试验表明,穿孔管A条件下的跨膜压差上升速率(0.0382kPa/h)低于穿孔管C(0.05kPa/h).对本中试装置来说,开孔直径较大的穿孔管A的综合性能优于开孔直径较小的穿孔管B和C.     

丝状菌对膜-生物反应器中膜污染过程的影响

结合动态运行试验,针对丝状菌对膜污染过程的影响进行了跟踪观察和分析.结果显示,丝状菌与膜表面污染物形成过程及结构、附着形式密切相关.丝状菌以黏着、穿透膜材料等固定形式,增加膜表面污染物的附着强度.丝状菌以立体网状结构形式在膜表面污染物形成及其结构中发挥重要作用,严重影响膜-生物反应器的处理能力及膜清洗效率,丝状菌是膜-生物反应器中危害性严重的一类微生物.     

Multidimensional risk analysis of antifouling biocides

In order to improve the orientation about the long-term sustainability of the use of the antifouling biocides tributyltin (TBT), copper, Irgarol® 1051, Sea-Nine? 211 and zinc pyrithione, used for the protection of fouling in sea-going ships, the risks posed to the marine biosphere due to their use are evaluated. The newly presented method of risk analysis uses release rate, spatiotemporal range, bioaccumulation, bioactivity and uncertainty as 5 dimensions of ecotoxicological risk. For each dimension, a scoring procedure is briefly described. The resulting risk profiles of the antifouling biocides show characteristics of the different substances, but also indicate where further information is required. Application of the method is proposed as a decision support in the integrated development of products, informed purchasing and for regulatory purposes.