超滤膜净化微污染水效果及污染机理分析研究

粉末活性炭+超滤组合工艺(PAC-UF)对去除微污染水效果明显,实验结果表明此工艺对CODcr、NH3-N、UV254和浊度的去除率分别为80%~92%、40%~70%、71%~95%、95%~97%.在此基础上,进一步研究了不同材质和不同孔径超滤膜的膜污染行为,根据Hermia模型分析膜污染发现,三种材质超滤膜中,PVDF膜具有较好的抗污染性能;而不同孔径的超滤膜所对应的膜污染模型是不同的,分析膜污染模型发现,滤饼层阻力在膜过滤中占有重要地位.     

不同组分的有机物对膜过滤通量下降的影响

采用DAX-8、XAD-4、IRA-958型树脂将自来水中有机物分离成强疏水性、弱疏水性、极性亲水性、中性亲水性有机物,以聚偏氟乙烯、聚醚砜、醋酸纤维3种材质的膜对各组分水样进行膜过滤试验,研究不同组分的有机物对膜过滤通量的影响.结果表明,过滤原水时,PES膜、PVDF膜和CA膜的通量分别比初始通量下降了67%、 59%和19%,表明疏水性越强的膜,越容易造成污染.就各种组分对通量的影响而言,过滤中性亲水性组分的通量下降为初始通量的41%～75%,而弱疏水性组分为6%～33%,表明中性亲水性组分对膜过滤通量的影响最大.3种膜中,CA膜对中性亲水性组分的截留率最高,达14.69%,但通量下降程度却最小,说明膜通量下降的程度并不与有机物截留总量正相关.对膜污染机制进行探讨后发现,对于截留分子量较大的超滤或微滤膜,相对分子质量>3×10⁴的中性亲水性组分通过堵塞膜孔内部,从而造成严重的膜污染;而对于截留分子量较小的超滤膜,中性亲水性组分由于无法进入膜孔,主要在膜表面形成滤饼层,从而对膜通量的影响较小.     

超滤膜污染和清洗方法的研究

本文以牛血清蛋白为料液,用酸、碱和表面活性剂作为清洗剂,对聚砜、聚丙烯腈等四种不同材质的超滤膜进行了污染和清洗实验,同时还研究了不同ＰＨ值对膜清洗效果的影响,结果表明,对于季铵化聚砚膜,用ＮａＯＨ清洗效果较好,丙烯腈膜以ＨＣｌ清洗效果为好;Ｐ天等电点附近,容易引起吸附     

Ozonation as an efficient pretreatment method to alleviate reverse osmosis membrane fouling caused by complexes of humic acid and calcium ion

Humic acids (HA) didn’t cause obvious reverse osmosis (RO) membrane fouling in 45 h. Osmotic pressure (NaCl) affected slightly the RO membrane fouling behavior of HA. Ca²⁺ promoted aggregation of HA molecules and thus aggravated RO membrane fouling. Ozonation eliminated the effect of Ca²⁺ on the RO membrane fouling behavior of HA. The change of the structure of HA was related to its membrane fouling behavior. Humic acid has been considered as one of the most significant sources in feed water causing organic fouling of reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, but the relationship between the fouling behavior of humic acid and the change of its molecular structure has not been well developed yet. In this study, the RO membrane fouling behavior of humic acid was studied systematically with ozonation as a pretreatment method to control RO membrane fouling. Furthermore, the effect of ozone on the structure of humic acid was also explored to reveal the mechanisms. Humic acid alone (10–90 mg/L, in deionized water) was found not to cause obvious RO membrane fouling in 45-h operation. However, the presence of Ca²⁺ aggravated significantly the RO membrane fouling caused by humic acid, with significant flux reduction and denser fouling layer on RO membrane, as it was observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and atomic force microscope (AFM). However, after the pretreatment by ozone, the influence of Ca²⁺ was almost eliminated. Further analysis revealed that the addition of Ca²⁺ increased the particle size of humic acid solution significantly, while ozonation reduced the SUVA₂₅₄, particle size and molecular weight of the complexes of humic acid and Ca²⁺ (HA-Ca²⁺ complexes). According to these results and literature, the bridge effect of Ca²⁺ aggregating humic acid molecules and the cleavage effect of ozone breaking HA-Ca²⁺ complexes were summarized. The change of the structure of humic acid under the effect of Ca²⁺ and ozone is closely related to the change of its membrane fouling behavior.     

分置式厌氧陶瓷膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水试验研究

为强化厌氧系统的处理效能,延缓厌氧膜生物反应器膜污染速率,采用分置式厌氧陶瓷膜生物反应器处理模拟生活污水.结果表明:厌氧反应器UASB经过60 d的启动,可实现对模拟生活污水的良好处理,COD去除率超过90%;耦合膜组件运行后,膜出水COD在22.58 mg·L~(-1)左右,COD总去除率平均为95.53%,甲烷日均产量为352 mL·d~(-1),产率最高达到0.11 m~3·kg~(-1);跨膜压差(TMP)达到26.81 kPa时膜污染严重,周期为14 d,反冲洗能够去除膜表面的泥饼层,有效地延长膜污染周期;对混合液及滤饼层中的多糖和蛋白质浓度进行了分析,结果表明,蛋白质是引起膜污染的主要物质.     

Membrane fouling controlled by coagulation/adsorption during direct sewage membrane filtration (DSMF) for organic matter concentration

Unlike the role of the membrane in a membrane bioreactor, which is designed to replace a sediment tank, direct sewage membrane filtration(DSMF), with the goal of concentrating organic matters, is proposed as a pretreatment process in a novel sewage treatment concept. The concept of membrane-based pretreatment is proposed to divide raw sewage into a concentrated part retaining most organics and a filtered part with less pollutant remaining, so that energy recovery and water reuse, respectively, could be realized by post-treatment. A pilot-scale experiment was carried out to verify the feasibility of coagulant/adsorbent addition for membrane fouling control, which has been the main issue during this DSMF process. The results showed that continuous coagulant addition successfully slowed down the increase in filtration resistance, with the resistance maintained below 1.0 × 1013m~(-1) in the first 70 hr before a jump occurred. Furthermore,the adsorbent addition contributed to retarding the occurrence of the filtration resistance jump, achieving simultaneous fouling control and chemical oxygen demand(COD)concentration improvement. The final concentrated COD amounted to 7500 mg/L after 6 days of operation.     

气提式内循环膜生物反应器试验研究

针对膜生物反应器存在的膜污染和能耗高的问题，结合气提式内循环和一体式膜生物反应器处理废水的工艺特点，提出圆柱形套筒气提式内循环膜生物反应器。试验结果表明，同等曝气强度和曝气方式下，气提式内循环膜生物反应器中氧传质系数（KLa）高于一般膜生物反应器；膜间水流流速是一般膜生物反应器的1．53～2．44倍，提高了膜面的水力冲刷作用，可减缓膜污染；对反应器膜过滤性能的考察，表明气提式内循环膜生物反应器较一般膜生物反应器有更好的膜过滤性能和抗污染能力。反应器中添加内循环，污泥活性有所下降，但对实际废水的去除效果影响不大，污泥活性较为稳定。     

厌氧膜生物反应器污泥组分对膜污染的影响

对一体式厌氧膜生物反应器污泥进行离心分离,考察污泥各组分和膜污染的特性之间的关系.通过对已有理论模型进行变形,推导出阻力的数学模型方程式,并分析了膜通量、膜阻力的变化.同时对混合液悬浮固体进行了颗粒粒径分析,并与好氧膜生物反应器的污泥颗粒进行了对比分析.结果表明,污泥混合液悬浮固体形成阻力占膜总阻力的70%,胶体物质形成阻力占22%,溶解性物质形成阻力占8%.     

微藻膜反应器处理海水养殖废水性能及膜污染特性

以海水养殖废水为研究对象,探究了微藻膜反应器的脱氮除磷效能及膜污染特性.采用青岛大扁藻（Platymonas helgolandica tsingtaoensis）作为生物源,经过60 d的运行,微藻膜反应器的TN和TP去除率分别为73.6%和77.9%,TN和TP去除速率达到15g·（m³·d）^-1和2.8g·（m³·d）^-1.反应器中的微藻能够较快富集,最大生长速率可达53.3mg·（L·d）^-1,最大生物量可达1.4 g·L^-1.第18d和38d分别对反应器中的微藻进行采收,未影响反应器的脱氮除磷效能,且可以在一定程度上缓解膜污染现象.微藻生物量的增加会显著提高膜污染物质的含量,三维荧光光谱结果表明,色氨酸类蛋白质和芳香类蛋白质是造成膜污染的重要因素.     

MBR-RO组合工艺深度处理高碳高氮废水的研究

采用A/O-MBR/RO工艺深度处理模拟高碳高氮废水,考察了不同进水的COD/N对有机物和氨氮去除效果的影响,并且 深入考察反渗透膜的污染特性结果表明,A/O-MBR能够实现95.6％的有机污染物去除率,反渗透的出水水质指标TOC<0.9mg·^-1、TN<12.65mg·L^-1、总硬度<0.038 mol·L、总碱度<14.6mg·L^-1,达到了城镇污水回用级标准.COD/N对有机物去除率影响不大,但影响总氮的脱除过程当COD/N的平均值为10.2时,总氮的去除主要通过好氧区内同步硝化反硝化过程完成,总氮的平均去除率为89.4％;当COD/N的平均值为7.1、5.6时,总氮的去除主要通过传统的硝化反硝化和同步硝化反硝化共同完成,总氮的平均去除率分别为72％、74％通过扫描电镜观察了反渗透膜污染的状态,利用傅立叶变换红外光谱测定了膜污染物质的红外吸收光谱,指出膜污染的主要污染物是A/O-MBR出水中的溶解性微生物产物