空气钻井条件下的油气田环境保护

空气钻井与常规钻井相比,可以显著提高钻井效率。由于空气钻井实际应用时间较短,给油气田环境保护带来的难题亟需解决,与环保相关的配套技术还需完善,如粉尘的扩散、泡沫钻井液的回收等。文章根据塔里木油田大北X井空气钻井现场试验,分析了空气钻井条件下环境问题的成因,提出了相应的解决方法,并对一些油田未运用的环保配套技术作了一定的探讨。     

大跨径悬索桥液体黏滞阻尼器参数敏感性研究

为研究液体黏滞阻尼器参数变化对大跨径悬索桥地震响应的控制效果,以某悬索桥为例,基于ANSYS有限元软件建立梁端设置液体黏滞阻尼器的结构有限元分析模型,采用非线性动力时程方法,对液体黏滞阻尼器的阻尼系数和阻尼指数进行参数敏感性分析,并与未设置液体黏滞阻尼器的结构地震响应进行对比,在此基础上研究液体黏滞阻尼器参数变化对结构地震响应的影响。结果表明:对于大跨度悬索桥,液体黏滞阻尼器的设置应以控制地震作用下梁端位移响应为首要目标,阻尼指数对减震效果影响最为显著,其值宜选取在0.8～1.0范围,并根据设计阻尼力来选择适当的阻尼系数值。设置恰当参数的液体黏滞阻尼器,可有效降低悬索桥梁端位移,且不会显著增加结构地震内力响应。     

电改袋技术在CFB锅炉除尘系统改造中的应用

分析了CFB锅炉电除尘系统改造为袋式除尘器的技术方案。改造后,除尘器已经稳定运行半年多,各项技术指标均达到设计要求,环境效益与经济效益显著。     

基于流场特性数值模拟的袋式除尘器关键结构设计研究综述

流场特性是影响袋式除尘器净化效果、除尘效率和使用寿命的关键因素,是优化或评价设备设计合理性的依据.本文在袋式除尘器工作原理分析基础上,明确了目前袋式除尘器研发中需要解决的关键问题,阐述了袋式除尘器内部流场数值模拟方法、流场特征评价指标、以及流场分布的关键影响因素,并重点归纳总结了常见结构设计因素对袋式除尘器流场特性的基本影响规律.以期通过该综述,可以为改善袋式除尘器内部流场性能的用户提供可以参考的结构设计方法.     

湖泊水动力模型外部输入条件不确定性和敏感性分析

以我国典型的大型浅水湖泊太湖为研究区域,采用国内外常用的环境流体动力学模型(EFDC),结合拉丁超立方取样(LHS)方法,研究湖泊水动力模型中4个重要的外部输入条件,即3个边界输入条件(出入湖流量、风速、风向)和1个初始输入条件(初始水位),对模型水动力模拟结果(水位、水龄以及流场)的影响与贡献.结果表明,初始水位的设定对模拟全湖水位和水龄产生决定性影响,不确定性的贡献率分别达到85.73%和66.125%,对垂向平均流速影响的贡献率只有3%;风速对表面流速模拟结果影响较大,贡献率达到58.70%,而对水位和水龄的贡献率分别为5.25%和3.00%.在垂向上,各层流速受外部输入条件不确定性的影响规律相似,贡献率排序为风速(55%~60%)>风向(10%~15%)>初始水位≈出入湖流量(1%~5%).因此在模拟大型浅水湖泊水动力过程时,可以根据不同的输出目标能够有针对性地提高外部输入条件的准确度,为提高模型精确度提供有效信息.     

A method for double-sided friction stir spot welding

A rotating anvil similar to a pinless friction stir welding (FSW) tool can be applied to friction stir spot welding (FSSW) of thin metal plates. FSSW is a solid-state joining process that is currently being used by automotive manufacturers as an alternative to rivets and traditional resistance spot welding. The principal detractor of this process is the keyhole left by pin extraction, which can be detrimental to the weld strength. A pinless tool can be used to eliminate the keyhole. However, this approach is limited to joining thin sheet (≤1 mm). Using a rotating anvil with the FSSW process permits the joining of thicker cross sections, improves the mechanical strength of the spot weld and reduces the reaction forces on the spot welding frame. A numerical model of the process, tensile shear tests and macrosection analysis are used to evaluate the spot welds.Macrosection and numerical analysis reveals that the material flow between the pinless tool and rotating anvil is complex and unique to this process. It has been found that the use of a rotating anvil for FSSW is a viable means to create quality spot welds in thicker weldments.     

Feasibility of lignin as additive in metalworking fluids for micro-milling

The conventional additives in metalworking fluids (MWFs) have effects in improving the machining conditions. However, many additives can lead to environmental contamination and health problems. In this paper, lignin obtained from wood is considered as a new “green” additive in MWFs. Lignin has been used as additives in other areas like pasted lead electrodes and polypropylene/coir composites but has never been applied in cutting fluids. In this paper, lignin is dissolved in 5% conventional MWF aqueous solutions in 8 different concentrations through injection and atomization methods. Then, experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of lignin containing MWFs in micro-milling operations. The performance is compared with that of 5% conventional cutting fluid in terms of machining forces, tool wears, and burr formations. The results show that the concentration of 0.015% lignin leads to the least cutting forces, tool wear and burrs. The results also show that an appropriate concentration of lignin in MWFs can help to improve the cooling and lubrication performances during machining. The results of this paper thus indicate that lignin has a potential to be used as an additive in metalworking fluids.     

某油田压裂返排液混凝—氧化处理研究

以某油田压裂返排液为研究对象,针对其特点,采用"PAC(聚合氯化铝)混凝—次氯酸钠氧化"处理方法,通过考查出水的COD降解情况,确定"混凝—氧化"试验的最佳条件,最终使得压裂返排液COD由343.2 mg/L降低至90.7 mg/L,COD去除率达到74.6%,低于当地排放标准(100mg/L)。     

Investigations into the influence of dustiness on dust explosions

A new safety characteristic the “dustiness” according to VDI 2263 – part 9 (Verein Deutscher Ingenieure, 2008) is investigated. Dustiness means the tendency of a dust to form clouds. The paper deals with the influence of the dustiness on vented dust explosions. In order to look into the effects of the dustiness on dust cloud formation and explosion properties experiments and simulations in a vertical dust dispersion glass tube apparatus were carried out.Preliminary explosion experiments showed that the dustiness has an influence on the reduced explosion pressure in a vented 75 L test apparatus. Dusts with comparable p_max and K_St values and different dustiness were tested. Dusts with higher dustiness produced higher overpressures, despite comparable safety characteristics. In order to verify the results for applications in the process industries further tests with different settings are planned as well as industrial scale experiments. Characteristics of the dust such as particle size, density, specific surface area and particle shape, which influence the dispersibility, have been determined experimentally.The Euler/Lagrange and the Euler/Euler approaches are compared for simulating an exemplary dust/air mixture. Especially sedimentation and the ability of the approaches to simulate the tendency of dust to stay airborne were investigated. The Euler/Lagrange approach is better suited for simulating local dust concentrations, particle size distributions and particle forces. It could be used to point out regions of high dust concentrations in a vessel. With the Euler/Euler method it is possible to achieve fast solutions for one specified diameter, but the simulated dust/air mixtures are always more homogenous than in reality. ANSYS CFX version 13 was used in all simulations.     

高瓦斯低透气性煤层水力压裂数值模拟研究

针对高瓦斯低透气性煤层,采用RFPA2D-Flow软件,对水力压裂进行了数值模拟研究,再现了水力压裂过程中压裂孔周围裂纹的生成和扩展、渗透性和应力的变化。模拟结果表明：压裂过程中,裂纹规模和剪应力随着注水压力的不断增加而增大,并且剪应力的增加随着钻孔周围裂纹的扩展不断远离压裂孔,压裂孔周围的渗透性有了很大程度的提高,最大主应力和最小主应力随着注水压力的增加而减小。水力压裂的模拟结果对煤矿高瓦斯低透气性煤层的瓦斯抽采工作具有很重要的指导意义。