Protective properties of filamentous blue–green alga Spirulina against the oxidative stress induced by cadmium in freshwater mussel Unio ravoisieri

ABSTRACT

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic-heavy metal that induces a wide range of behavioural, biochemical and physiological effects in aquatic organisms. Oxidative damage has been proposed as a possible mechanism involved in cadmium toxicity. The current study was carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity of Spirulina as feed additive (1?mg/L) against the toxicity of cadmium (Cd) 0.5?mg/L in freshwater mussel Unio ravoisieri. At the end of the exposed period of 4 days, digestive gland antioxidant status Superoxide dismutase, Catalase, Glutathione-S-transferase and damage markers such as Malondialdehyde and Protein carbonyl were determined. Associations between biomarkers were assessed by a multivariate analysis technique, principal component analysis (PCA). The results of this study revealed that digestive gland antioxidant status showed a significant decrease when mussels were exposed to Cd. Superoxide dismutase, Catalase and Glutathione-S-transferase activities in the Cd?+?SP group were significantly higher than the Cd group (p P?相似文献   

太子河着生藻类群落结构空间分布特征

以辽宁省太子河流域为研究范例,调查了全流域内69个采样点的着生藻类群落和水环境理化特征,并且以着生藻类的群落结构为基础,对太子河流域的水生态系统类型区进行了划分. 结果表明,太子河流域着生藻类群落结构具有明显的空间异质性. CCA(典范对应分析)结果显示,驱动全流域着生藻类群落结构形成的水环境因子为电导率、ρ(TDS)(TDS为总溶解固体)和ρ(TN). 基于着生藻类的群落结构特征,将太子河流域划分为3个着生藻类类型区:第1分区为太子河上游的森林多水区,第2分区为中游低山丘陵森林区,第3分区为下游平原农业区. CCA结果还显示,显著影响第1分区、第2分区及第3分区的着生藻类群落结构的环境因子分别为ρ(NO₃--N)、ρ(TN)及ρ(总溶解固体)和硬度.      

环境约束下的中国八大经济区出口结构优化模拟研究

论文基于2007—2010年中国30个省份区域间投入产出表数据,结合线性规划建立了多区域投入产出优化模型,研究了环境约束下中国八大经济区的出口结构优化。结果表明：2007—2010年需要提高服务业和农业的出口比重,同时降低煤炭开采和洗选业、造纸印刷及文教体育用品制造业、金属冶炼及压延业和电力热力生产供应业的出口比重,通过以上结构调整达到最优出口结构,可以实现在不增加碳、工业二氧化硫和工业废水排放的基础上促使全国GDP分别提高6.84%和8.17%。东北区域、黄河中游区域、长江中游区域、大西南区域和大西北区域需要降低的出口部门较多,且多集中在高能耗高排放产业;东部沿海区域、南部沿海区域、北部沿海区域需要提高的出口部门较多,主要集中在制造业和服务业,2010年东部沿海区域、南部沿海区域和大西北区域的总体出口结构优化度比2007年有所提高。在八大经济区中,东部沿海区域和南部沿海区域由于区位优势,其出口结构整体优化度相对较高,而东北区域则最低。地理区位对于区域出口结构优化具有一定程度的影响。     

基于改进输出系数模型的云南宝象河流域非点源污染负荷估算

本文引入降雨、地形因子(α、β)对经典的输出系数模型(ECM)进行改进,基于1999~2010年云南宝象河流域气象、水文、社会经济等数据,利用改进的输出系数模型(IECM)对该地区(位于滇池的东北部,绝大部分在官渡区内,西北部少部分在盘龙区内)的非点源污染负荷进行估算.结果显示,2008年宝象河流域非点源氮、磷污染的所占比例(分别为74.2%和68.0%)要显著高于点源氮、磷污染的所占比例(分别为25.8%和32.0%).氮污染中,不同非点源的贡献率依次为土地利用类型>大气沉降>农村生活>畜禽养殖;磷污染中,不同非点源污染的贡献率为土地利用类型>农村生活>大气沉降>畜禽养殖.宝象河流域的非点源氮污染比例要高于整个滇池流域,非点源磷污染比例与滇池流域较为接近.与实际观测值比较,IECM对TN、TP负荷的估算值的平均相对偏差分别为15%和-6%,ECM对TN、TP负荷的估算值的平均相对偏差分别为54%和17%.这表明改进的输出系数模型(IECM)提高了结果的准确性,可以为滇池流域的污染(尤其是非点源污染)负荷估算提供参考方法.     

物种敏感度分布的非参数核密度估计模型

针对目前物种敏感度分布参数方法建模所存在的缺点,首次提出基于非参数核密度估计方法的物种敏感度分布模型,并提出相应的最优窗宽和检验方法。选用无机汞作为案例研究对象,利用非参数核密度估计方法和3种传统参数模型分别推导了保护我国水生生物的无机汞的急性水质基准值。结果表明,非参数核密度估计方法在推导无机汞水质基准中的稳健性和精确度都大大优于传统参数模型,能够更好地构建物种敏感度分布曲线。该方法的提出丰富了水质基准的理论方法学,为更好地保护水生生物提供了有力的支撑。     

A roadmap for the conservation of freshwater mussels in Europe

Europe has a long history of human pressure on freshwater ecosystems. As pressure continues to grow and new threats emerge, there is an urgent need for conservation of freshwater biodiversity and its ecosystem services. However, whilst some taxonomic groups, mainly vertebrates, have received a disproportionate amount of attention and funds, other groups remain largely off the public and scientific radar. Freshwater mussels (Bivalvia, Unionida) are an alarming example of this conservation bias and here we point out six conceptual areas that need immediate and long-term attention: knowledge, threats, socioeconomics, conservation, governance and education. The proposed roadmap aims to advance research, policy and education by identifying the most pressing priorities for the short- and long-term conservation of freshwater mussels across Europe.     

Chemometric approach to evaluate element distribution in muscle,liver and fish bone of roach (Rutilus rutilus), silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius) from Swarzędzkie Lake (Poland) using ICP-MS and FIAS-CVAAS techniques

The content of elements in fish tissues and organs from Swarz?dzkie Lake was investigated in order to evaluate the possible risk associated with their consumption by animals as well as humans. Samples of muscle, liver and fish bone of three fish species; roach (Rutilus rutilus), silver bream (Blicca bjoerkna) and crucian carp (Carassius carassius) were collected from seine catches undertaken as part of the biomanipulation of Swarz?dzkie Lake. Element concentration (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn) was determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), with the exception of Hg where the flow injection analysis system cold vapour atomic absorption spectrometry (FIAS-CVAAS) was applied. The study indicated a large variation in the occurrence of the investigated elements in different parts of the fish body. The highest content of Al and Zn was stated in all fish organs for each fish species. The majority of the applied statistical and chemometric methods (e.g., PCA, CA) refer to roach since we had a large number of data for this species. The obtained results were assessed in terms of their accuracy and precision using certified reference material of Fish Muscle ERM BB422.     

Linking Soil Erosion to Instream Dissolved Phosphorus Cycling and Periphyton Growth

Phosphorus (P) is a limiting nutrient in freshwater systems and when present in runoff from agricultural lands or urban centers may contribute to excessive periphyton growth. In this study, we examined the link between soil erosion and delivery of eroded soil to streams during flow events, and the impact of that freshly deposited soil on dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations and periphyton growth under baseflow conditions when the risk of stream eutrophication is greatest. A microcosm experiment was designed to simulate the release of P from soil which had been amended with different amounts of P fertilizer to overlying water during baseflow conditions. Unglazed tiles, inoculated for five days in a second order stream, were incubated for seven days in microcosms containing soil with eight levels of soil Mehlich‐3 plant available phosphorus (M3P) ranging from 20 to 679 mg/kg M3P. Microcosm DRP was monitored. Following incubation tiles were scraped and the periphyton analyzed for chlorophyll a. Microcosm DRP concentrations increased with increasing soil M3P and equilibrium phosphorus concentration (EPC₀). Relationships between M3P, EPC₀, and DRP were nonlinear and increases in soil M3P and/or DRP had a greater impact on biomass accumulation when these parameters were above threshold values of 30 mg/kg M3P and 0.125 mg/L DRP. Significantly, this ecological threshold corresponds to the agronomic thresholds above which increased soil M3P does not increase plant response.     

Research on carbon emissions in China's export trade based on input-output model

Becoming the world’s largest emitter of carbon makes China the object of criticism;however,people may ignore the fact that when China exports low-carbon products,the carbon emissions have been left in the meanwhile,forming the so-called"embodied carbon".Using the input-output model,this paper analyzes the carbon emission intensity and amount of embodied carbon of various sectors in China’s export trade in 2002 and 2007,and filters out high carbon emission sectors.In addition,this paper also points out the problem of carbon emissions’international transfer from developed countries to China through the analysis of national and regional flow of export carbon emissions and changing of the proportion of emissions for exports relative to total emissions,and explains the reason that caused carbon transfer to China by using the treadmill of production theory.Based on that,this paper proposes some measures for carbon reduction in China from the foreign trade perspective.     

淡水鱼脑AChE的动力学特性及抗抑制性

用PEG2000双水相萃取、DEAE-Sephadex A-50和SephadexG-200方法分离提纯麦穗鱼(Pseudorasbora parva)、金鱼(Carassius auratus)和虹鳟鱼(Salmo gairdneri)脑乙酰胆碱酯酶(AChE),比较这3种淡水鱼脑AChE纯酶液与粗酶液的动力学特性、抗抑制性及其种类之间的差异.结果表明,这3种鱼脑AChE的性质在种类间的差异要远远小于其在粗酶状态时酶活性的差异,由此得出AChE性质在种类间的差异并非影响这3种淡水鱼脑AChE活性差异的主要因素;由AChE抗抑制试验结果可知,这3种鱼脑AChE粗酶液对经溴水氧化后的马拉硫磷和三唑硫磷的敏感性及种间的差异都远大于纯酶液.