Antagonistic effect of natural habitat conversion on community adjustment to climate warming in nonbreeding waterbirds

Although the impacts of climate and land-use changes on biodiversity have been widely documented, their joint effects remain poorly understood. We evaluated how nonbreeding waterbird communities adjust to climate warming along a gradient of land-use change. Using midwinter waterbird counts (132 species) at 164 major nonbreeding sites in 22 Mediterranean countries, we assessed the changes in species composition from 1991 to 2010, relative to thermal niche position and breadth, in response to regional and local winter temperature anomalies and conversion of natural habitats. We observed a low-level, nonsignificant community adjustment to the temperature increase where natural habitat conversion occurred. At the sites affected by natural habitat conversion, the relative increase of warm-dwelling species in response to climate warming was 6 times lower and the relative species decline was 3 times higher than in the sites without natural habitat conversion. We found no evidence of community adjustment to climate warming when natural habitat conversion was >5% over 15 years. This strong negative effect suggests an antagonistic interaction between climate warming and habitat change. These results underline the importance of habitat conservation in community adjustment to climate warming.     

Assessing the likely effectiveness of multispecies management for imperiled desert fishes with niche overlap analysis

A critical decision in species conservation is whether to target individual species or a complex of ecologically similar species. Management of multispecies complexes is likely to be most effective when species share similar distributions, threats, and response to threats. We used niche overlap analysis to assess ecological similarity of 3 sensitive desert fish species currently managed as an ecological complex. We measured the amount of shared distribution of multiple habitat and life history parameters between each pair of species. Habitat use and multiple life history parameters, including maximum body length, spawning temperature, and longevity, differed significantly among the 3 species. The differences in habitat use and life history parameters among the species suggest they are likely to respond differently to similar threats and that most management actions will not benefit all 3 species equally. Habitat restoration, frequency of stream dewatering, non‐native species control, and management efforts in tributaries versus main stem rivers are all likely to impact each of the species differently. Our results demonstrate that niche overlap analysis provides a powerful tool for assessing the likely effectiveness of multispecies versus single‐species conservation plans. Evaluación de la Posible Efectividad del Manejo Multi‐Especie paraPeces de Desierto en Peligro Mediante el Análisis de Traslape de Nichos     

土地利用的经济生态位分析和耕地保护机制研究

土地利用变化包括土地利用结构和土地利用强度两个方面,是土地利用类型从低生态位层次向高生态位转变的自组织行为。对不同层次的土地利用生态位进行控制与协调,才能实现一定耕地保有量下土地利用资源场的均衡。而这种均衡正是耕地总量动态平衡得以实现的前提。在生态位势理论与系统边界理论的基础上,论文构建了土地利用经济生态位的模型,并以江苏省锡山市为例定量分析了不同土地利用类型相互作用的强度。研究显示,经济发达区非农用地与农用地生态位差较大,城市化进程加快,使耕地更易损失。从资源流动的场论分析角度,探讨了建立耕地保护机制的途径和方法。在目前的水平上,把土地利用生态位作为土地利用/覆被研究中的一种新方法论更有意义。     

体积成形的基本工序

从力学的角度认为体积成形的最基本工序为镦粗和挤压,其它变形可以认为是由其复合而成的.用最基本工序分析了其它基本工序的受力分析并说明了其在体积成形中的应用.     

A Comparative Analysis of Specialization and Extinction Risk in Temperate-Zone Bats

Abstract:  Identifying the factors that influence the extinction risk of animals is essential in conservation biology because they help identify endangered species and provide the basis for their preservation. We present a comparative study that uses data from the literature on the diet and morphological specialization of European and North American bat species to investigate the effect of specialization on extinction risk. We focused on bats because many species are endangered and their high ecological diversity makes them a good model system for our purpose. After correcting for phylogenetic inertia, we compared the influence of dietary niche breadth as a measure of food specialization and of wing morphology as a measure of foraging strategy, habitat adaptation, and migratory ability on the vulnerability of 35 insectivorous bat species. Our results do not support the hypothesis that a narrow dietary niche breadth is related to high extinction risk. Instead they suggest that habitat specialization, which is reflected in wing morphology, influences the extinction risk of bats. Our study shows that an initial risk assessment in temperate-zone bats could be based on data of wing morphology but not on dietary data obtained from fecal analyses.     

万木林中亚热带常绿阔叶林林隙主要树种的高度生态位

对万木林自然保护区中亚热带常绿阔叶林林隙内外主要树种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠进行了研究。结果表明：桂北木姜子和浙江桂在林隙内外部都占有较高的生态位宽度；生物学特性和生态学特性接近的树种高度生态位重叠较大，反之则较小；在林隙内，出矾和薄叶山矾的高度生态位重叠最大，而桂北木姜子和黄瑞木、尖叶水丝梨，浙江桂和尖叶水丝梨的高度生态位重叠较小；在非林隙内，山矾和黄瑞木的高度生态位重叠最大，桂北木姜子和尖叶水丝梨、黄瑞木的高度生态位重叠较小，表3参13     

不同水平的仙湖苏铁种群在土壤资源上的生态位宽度

在基株和无性系两个水平上，分析了珍稀濒危植物仙湖苏铁种群在土壤资源上的生态位宽度，以及该种群对土壤资源的潜在利用能力，探讨该种群对资源的利用状况，从而为种群的保护提供科学依据。结果表明，在有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾等土壤养分资源轴上，无性系种群的生态位宽度大于基株种群；而且无性系种群比基株种群具有更大的潜在利用土壤资源的能力，说明无性繁殖可能是种群在日益恶化的生境中赖以生态的主要方式。当土壤有机质在3．348％～3．832％、全氮在0．164％～0．186％、速效磷在2．092～2．868mg／kg、速效钾含最在108．34～137．28mg／kg范围之间时，种群分布的个体数最多。因此，抑制周边生境恶化，改善土壤养分结构将有助于促进仙湖苏铁种群的恢复和发展。     

人工封育区植物群落恢复演替系列种群生态位动态特征——以宁夏盐池为例

为了解干旱半干旱区草原植物生态位格局,运用Levins生态宽度指数及Pianka生态位重叠指数,对宁夏盐池人工封育草原3种不同措施下的植物生态位宽度及生态位重叠进行计量。结果表明:茵陈蒿(Artemisia capillaries Thunb)和新疆猪毛菜(Salsola sinkiangensis A.J.Li)的生物、生态学特性决定了它在该区的优势地位,其生态位宽度远远高于其他物种,并且出现下降的趋势;生态位重叠结果均表明,生态位宽度大的物种不一定和其他物种有大的重叠值,较高的生态位宽度和较高的生态位重叠之间并不存在直接的线性关系;较高的Pianka生态位重叠值都出现在生态位宽度较小的物种之间。这一现象从另外一个角度说明植被恢复过程中环境资源存在着高度的空间异质性。     

三峡库区城镇化与移民对农村社会经济的影响——以万州区五桥河流域为例

城镇化与移民对三峡库区农村社会经济环境有重要影响 ,通过运用生态学的物种多样性和生态位理论和方法对五桥河流域作实例研究发现 :区域人口增长方式转为机械增长为主 ,农村农业劳动力向非农产业转移趋势显著。农村产业多样性与农民人均总收入存在非线性关系 ,城镇化与移民使农村产业多样性演替速度加快 ,使农业、工业经济生态位持续下降 ,商业服务业和交通运输业经济生态位持续上升 ,尽管能促进区域绝对经济生态位提高 ,但能否使区域形成与其区位相适应的优势产业体系是相对经济生态位提升的关键     

Predicted Climate‐Driven Bird Distribution Changes and Forecasted Conservation Conflicts in a Neotropical Savanna

Abstract: Climate‐change scenarios project significant temperature changes for most of South America. We studied the potential impacts of predicted climate‐driven change on the distribution and conservation of 26 broad‐range birds from South America Cerrado biome (a savanna that also encompass tracts of grasslands and forests). We used 12 temperature or precipitation‐related bioclimatic variables, nine niche modeling techniques, three general circulation models, and two climate scenarios (for 2030, 2065, 2099) for each species to model distribution ranges. To reach a consensus scenario, we used an ensemble‐forecasting approach to obtain an average distribution for each species at each time interval. We estimated the range extent and shift of each species. Changes in range size varied across species and according to habitat dependency; future predicted range extent was negatively correlated with current predicted range extent in all scenarios. Evolution of range size under full or null dispersal scenarios varied among species from a 5% increase to an 80% decrease. The mean expected range shifts under null and full‐dispersal scenarios were 175 and 200 km, respectively (range 15–399 km), and the shift was usually toward southeastern Brazil. We predicted larger range contractions and longer range shifts for forest‐ and grassland‐dependent species than for savanna‐dependent birds. A negative correlation between current range extent and predicted range loss revealed that geographically restricted species may face stronger threat and become even rarer. The predicted southeasterly direction of range changes is cause for concern because ranges are predicted to shift to the most developed and populated region of Brazil. Also, southeastern Brazil is the least likely region to contain significant dispersal corridors, to allow expansion of Cerrado vegetation types, or to accommodate creation of new reserves.