拜耳法赤泥制备三聚磷酸铝

拜耳法赤泥经石灰石烧结改性、盐酸浸取及碱液处理等工序得到氢氧化铝干胶,再以氢氧化铝干胶和工业磷酸为原料,通过中和反应、缩合反应和水化反应合成三聚磷酸铝.经单因素条件实验和正交实验得到最佳工艺条件为:磷酸体积(mL)与氢氧化铝干胶质量(g)的比3,中和反应温度常温,缩合反应温度290℃,缩合反应时间4h.在最佳工艺条件下合成的试样中,Al2O3和P2O5的含量与工业三聚磷酸铝ATP-200相近,经IR分析,该试样即为三聚磷酸铝.盐雾试验结果表明合成的三聚磷酸铝的防腐性能达到ATP-200的性能指标.     

防治煤矿火灾的凝胶泡沫材料制备及其性能研究*

为解决纯水玻璃（WG）凝胶泡沫强度低、泡沫稳定性差易破碎,凝胶固水性差等问题。将保水剂和成膜剂引入WG凝胶泡沫中,对水玻璃凝胶泡沫进行优化设计,最终制备出保水性高、泡沫稳定性高、成膜性好的WG凝胶泡沫。研究结果表明:WG凝胶泡沫材料的最佳复配体系是发泡剂为十二烷基醇醚硫酸酯钠（AES）和十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)按1∶2比例复配,浓度为0.8%,胶凝剂WG浓度为8%,交联剂NaHCO3浓度为2%,聚丙烯酰胺浓度为0.4%,成膜剂A浓度为1%,保水剂B浓度为0.3%;改性后WG凝胶泡沫具有更加紧密的网状结构,稳定性好,并且具有较好的成膜性,常温下半衰期达40 d;阻化实验表明,100 ℃此凝胶泡沫阻化率高达78.35%,能有效减缓煤的氧化放热速率抑制自燃;煤堆燃烧实验表明,改性后WG凝胶泡沫能有效抑制煤的燃烧,防止煤复燃。     

内蒙古河套灌区不同盐碱程度的土壤细菌群落多样性

采用变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)技术对内蒙古河套灌区三种不同盐碱程度土壤(盐土,强度盐化土,轻度盐化土)不同深度(0~20cm和20~30cm)土壤细菌16S rDNA V3~V6可变区扩增片段进行分析,并对土壤理化性质进行了测定.结果表明:细菌群落多样性随土壤盐碱化程度的加深而减少(轻度盐化土 > 强度盐化土 > 盐土),随土壤深度的增加而降低(细菌群落多样性0~20cm土层大于20~30cm土层).细菌Shannon-Wiener指数在轻度盐化土中最大为3.36,在强度盐化土和盐土分别为3.05和2.49.不同盐碱程度土壤以细菌相似系数聚类,分为0~20cm层与20~30cm层两大族群,土壤细菌群落Shannon-Wiener指数在0~20cm层中(盐土为3.04,强度盐化土为3.29,轻度盐化土为3.36)均大于在20~30cm层(盐土为2.49,强度盐化土为3.05,轻度盐化土为3.14).相关性分析和典范对应分析表明,土壤w(EC)、pH值、w(SOC)、w(TP)是土壤细菌群落结构多样性的显著影响因素,不同盐碱程度土壤中细菌群落的Shannon-Wiener指数与土壤w(EC)(r=-0.542,P < 0.05)、pH(r=-0.526,P < 0.05)呈显著负相关,与土壤w(SOC)(r=0.700,P < 0.01)和w(TP)(r=0.805,P < 0.01)呈极显著正相关.w(EC)和pH对盐碱土壤细菌群落结构的影响力最大. 回收DGGE图谱中20个优势条带进行测序分析,结果显示,变形菌纲(α-变形菌纲、β-变形菌纲、γ-变形菌纲和δ-变形菌纲)是盐碱土壤的主要类群.     

水生腐殖酸分子量分布研究——Ⅱ.腐殖酸凝胶色谱图峰加宽效应校正

研究了串联凝胶色谱系统的峰加宽效应.在该系统中,单分散标样的GPC谱图为低流出体积一侧较宽的不对称形式,以峰流出体积为界,这样的谱图可视作两个半侧正态函效的拼接.峰加宽效应还随淋出体积增大而加强,简单的直线方程可近似地描述分辨因子h随淋出体积的变化规律.在此基础上建立了腐殖酸GPC谱图峰加宽效应的校正方法.并根据实测结果计算了两个水生腐殖酸样品的分子量分布.     

凝胶渗透色谱净化在土样有机氯测定中的应用

建立凝胶渗透色谱自动净化土壤萃取样品的方法,去除萃取样品中的干扰组分,提高气相色谱检测有机氯农药残留的效率。将该净化方法应用于实际土样的净化,并和佛罗里硅土净化方法相比较,经凝胶渗透色谱净化的20种有机氯农药空白加标的平均回收率为79.0%,比佛罗里硅土净化的空白加标平均回收率高14.9%,且凝胶渗透色谱的净化效率较好。     

序批式反应器运行过程中动态生物膜阻力分析

以水力学知识为基础,通过试验研究序批式反应器运行过程中动态生物膜滤饼层阻力、凝胶层阻力以及膜基材固有阻力的变化规律,结果表明:序批式反应方式导致动态生物膜各部分阻力及相应贡献率有明显的变化;动态膜处于浸没状态时,阻力主要来自滤饼层,贡献率为52.4%,出水过程中随着膜组件逐渐露出水面,动态膜总阻力依次变小,滤饼层阻力减小,贡献率最终降为5.46%,而凝胶层阻力却增大,贡献率增至44.9%,完全出水时,膜基材固有阻力成为生物膜主要部分,贡献率为69.1%;MLSS在4 700～9 400 mg/L范围内,动态膜阻力基本保持稳定;高气水比和低污泥浓度可以显著降低动态生物膜运行阻力。     

苯并[a]芘和菲对缢蛏血细胞DNA损伤的研究

为研究苯并[a]芘和菲对缢蛏的毒性效应,将缢蛏(Sinonovacula constricta)分别暴露于浓度为0.45 mg·L-1、0.15 mg·L-1、0.05 mg·L-1苯并[a]芘溶液和0.45 mg·L-1、0.15 mg·L-1、0.05 mg·L-1菲的溶液中,采用单细胞凝胶电泳实验(彗星实验)技术检测不同暴露时间缢蛏血淋巴细胞的DNA损伤程度,对照组为清洁海水。结果显示,高浓度(0.45 mg·L-1)苯并[a]芘溶液和(0.45 mg·L-1)菲溶液在短期(7 d)内即可导致缢蛏血细胞显著的DNA损伤,并且随苯并芘[a]和菲浓度的增大和暴露时间的延长,DNA损伤程度增加。21 d恢复实验后,各浓度组DNA损伤又均有不同程度的恢复,但中高浓度组(0.45 mg·L-1和0.15 mg·L-1)与对照组仍显著性差异。两种多环芳烃物质对缢蛏血细胞的DNA损伤作用均存在较显著时间-剂量-效应关系。其中,苯并芘[a]对缢蛏血细胞的DNA损伤作用要高于菲。     

Bioaugmentation of a 4-chloronitrobenzene contaminated soil with Pseudomonas putida ZWL73

The strain Pseudomonas putida ZWL73, which metabolizes 4-chloronitrobenzene (4CNB) by a partial-reductive pathway, was inoculated into lab-scale 4CNB-contaminated soil for bioaugmentation purposes in this study. The degradation of 4CNB was clearly stimulated, as indicated with the gradual accumulation of ammonium and chloride. Simultaneously, the diversity and quantity of cultivable heterotrophic bacteria decreased due to 4CNB contamination, while the quantity of 4CNB-resistant bacteria increased. During the bioaugmentation, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis showed the changes of diversity in dominant populations of intrinsic soil microbiota. The results showed that Alphaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria were not distinctly affected, but Actinobacteria were apparently stimulated. In addition, an interesting dynamic within Acidobacteria was observed, as well as an influence on ammonia-oxidizing bacteria population. These combined findings demonstrate that the removal of 4CNB in soils by inoculating strain ZWL73 is feasible, and that specific populations in soils rapidly changed in response to 4CNB contamination and subsequent bioaugmentation.     

Chromosomal aberrations and DNA damage in human populations exposed to the processing of electronics waste

Background, aim, and scope  It has been known that the pollutants of electronic wastes (E-wastes) can lead to severe pollution to the environment. It has been reported that about 50% to 80% of E-wastes from developed countries are exported to Asia and Africa. It has become a major global environmental problem to deal with ‘E-wastes’. E-waste recycling has remained primitive in Jinghai, China. This not only produces enormous environmental pollution but also can bring about toxic or genotoxic effects on the human body, threatening the health of both current residents and future generations living in the local environment. The concentration of lead in the blood of children in the E-waste polluted area in China is higher than that of the control area. But little is known about the cytogenetic effect to human beings caused by the pollution of E-wastes. In the present study, experiments have been performed to investigate the genetics of permanent residents of three villages with numerous E-waste disposal sites and to analyze the harmful effects of exposure to E-wastes. Materials and methods  In total, 171 villagers (exposed group) were randomly selected from permanent residents of three villages located in Jinghai County of Tianjin, China, where there has been massive disposal of E-wastes. Thirty villagers were selected from the neighboring towns without E-waste disposal sites to serve as controls. Chromosomal aberrations and cytokinesis blocking micronucleus were performed to detect the cytogenetic effect, dic + r (dicentric and ring chromosome), monomer, fragments (acentric fragments, minute chromosomes, and acentric rings), translocation, satellite, quadriradial, total aberrations, and micronuclear rate were scored for each subject. DNA damage was detected using comet assay; the DNA percentage in the comet tail (TDNA%), tail moment (TM), and Olive tail moment (OTM) were recorded to describe DNA damage to lymphocytes. Results  The total chromosome aberration rates (5.50%) and micronuclear rates (16.99%) of the exposure group were significantly higher than in the control group (P = 0.000). The percentage of DNA in the comet tail, tail moment, and Olive tail moment detected by comet assay showed that there was a significant difference in DNA damage in the exposure group (P = 0.000). The chromosome aberration, micronucleus rate, and DNA damage observed in women were significantly higher than those in men. Chromosome aberration and micronuclear rates of both smokers and non-smokers in the exposure group are obviously higher than that in the control group (P = 0.000). Discussion  The use of outdated (and unsafe) ways to deal with E-wastes can lead to exposure to a variety of substances harmful to human health. The components of pollution may enter the human body through the air, drinking water, and food chain to damage human genetic material, resulting in genomic instability. The rates of chromosomal aberration, micronucleus formation, and the degree of DNA damage in women in the group exposed to electronic waste were significantly higher than in men. The reason for this may be concerned with the traditional lifestyle of the local residents or the difference of sensitivity to the exposure to E-wastes or any others. Further investigations are needed to provide evidence to demonstrate this. Conclusions  Here, we report the obviously cytogenetic toxicity to the exposure population by the E-waste pollution for the first time. E-waste pollution may be a potential agent of genetic mutation, and may induce cytogenetic damage within the general population exposed to the pollution. These findings need to be considered, and steps should be taken to protect the current population and future generations from the effects of pollution with E-wastes. Recommendations and perspectives  The above results remind us that the impact of E-waste recycling on environmental quality of Jinghai should be evaluated soon. Moreover, it is urgent for the government to prohibit E-waste import and its processing by outdated ways. The future studies such as pollutant details of drinking water, air, and soil in the area as well as epidemiological investigations on the harmful effect to children must be performed eagerly. All the data available do provide a compelling case for immediate action in both countries to address workplace health and safety and waste management. Qiang Liu and Jia Cao contributed equally to this study and share the first authorship.     

Comparative study of solar-powered water production from atmospheric air using different desiccant materials

In this paper, experiments have been performed in order to determine the quantity of water produced from the atmospheric air using different desiccant materials named Silica gel, Activated alumina and Molecular sieve 13 X. On the bases of experimental results, a correlation is derived among the different temperatures and water production using Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology. A newly designed solar glass desiccant box type system (SGDBS), three in number, has been used. Design parameters for the production of water has been taken as depth of material from the glass is 0.22 m, inclination in angle as 30°, effective thickness of glass as 3 mm and number of glazing as single. It has been found experimentally that the maximum quantity of water produced by Silica gel, Activated alumina and Molecular sieve 13 X is 160, 20 and 35 ml/kg/day, respectively. Whereas theoretically, value of water produced by the Silica gel, Activated alumina and Molecular sieve 13 X is 600, 28 and 60 ml/kg/day, respectively.