Bioaccumulation of cadmium,lead and zinc in liver and kidney of red fox (Vulpes vulpes) from NW Spain: influence of gender and age

Cd, Pb, and Zn were quantified in liver and kidney of red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) which were hunted during the 2003–2011 hunting seasons in Galicia (NW Spain). The effects of age and gender were evaluated to determine whether these variables should be included in future biomonitoring studies. The concentrations of hepatic and renal Cd (average 0.6 and 1.3 µg/g) and Pb (0.8 and 0.06 µg/g, respectively) were similar to background levels, with no known toxicological relevance. Similarly, the average levels of Zn in liver and kidney (77 and 17 µg/g) were in the range of physiological levels for canids. Although no significant gender-dependent variations were observed, the effect of aging was evident: the levels of hepatic Pb and both hepatic and renal Cd were higher in adults than in juveniles. Age should be included as a parameter during future biomonitoring programs focusing on trace metal bioaccumulation in red foxes.     

Levels of selected urinary metabolites of volatile organic compounds in a representative sample of US adolescents

Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for the years 2011–2012 were used to evaluate the variability in the observed levels of 20 urinary metabolites of 16 parent volatile organic compounds by age, gender, race/ethnicity, and smoking status for adolescents aged 12–19 years. Smokers were found to have statistically significantly higher adjusted levels than nonsmokers for selected urinary metabolites of acrylonitrile (p < 0.05) and 1,3-butadiene (p < 0.05). For example, for N-Acetyl-S-(2-cyanoethyl)-L-cysteine, the adjusted levels for smokers were 29.2 ng/mL and 2.0 ng/mL for nonsmokers (p < 0.05). Females were found to have higher adjusted levels of selected metabolites of crotonaldehyde (p < 0.05), cyanide (p < 0.05), and tetrachloroethylene (p < 0.05) than males. For example, the adjusted levels of 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid or ATCA were 218.9 and 108.6 ng/mL for females and males, respectively (p < 0.05). Non-Hispanic whites (NHW) had higher adjusted levels than non-Hispanic blacks (NHB) for selected metabolites of N,N-dimethylformamide (p < 0.05) and ethylbenzene, styrene (p < 0.05). For example, for N-Acetyl-S-(N-methylcarbamoyl)-L-cysteine or AMCC, the adjusted levels for NHW and NHB were 122.7 and 80.2 ng/mL, respectively (p < 0.05). The reverse was true for selected metabolites of carbon-disulfide and tetrachloroethylene. For example, for N-Acetyl-S-(benzyl)-L-cysteine or BMA, adjusted levels for NHW and NHB were 6.7 and 10.3 ng/mL, respectively (p < 0.05).     

双锥形管接头角度参数对管路密封的影响分析

根据金属密封的基本条件,应用非线形有限元分析软件Msc．Marc,针对联接导管位置不同的两种双锥形管接头密封管路联接结构,计算分析双锥形管接头锥角和锥角差对管路密封性能的影响。计算结果表明,轴向预紧力随锥角或锥角差的增大而增大,密封系统承载内压能力随之下降。     

扎龙湿地水量平衡分析

对扎龙湿地1956-2000年的水循环要素特征进行分析,并计算了扎龙湿地在自然条件下的水量平衡关系。结果表明,扎龙湿地在研究时段内蓄水量总体呈下降趋势,蓄水量平均每年减少16.8×106m₃。大气降水是扎龙湿地的主要水源,占总来水量的61.5%,其次是上游乌裕尔河和双阳河的河川径流量,占36.5%,区间径流很小,只占2.0%;扎龙湿地的主要耗水项是蒸散(发),占总耗水的74.4%,其次是渗漏,占14.5%,下游出流只占11.1%。     

30CrMnSiA合金钢3种涂层体系耐蚀性研究

目的研究西沙海洋环境下30CrMnSiA合金钢三种(C1,C2,C3)涂层体系的耐腐蚀性能。方法在西沙海域环境开展30CrMnSiA合金钢三种涂层的自然暴晒实验,暴晒实验时间为3年,分别通过测试光泽度、色差、电化学阻抗值等手段检测腐蚀状况来研究腐蚀特点。结果三种涂层的光泽度和色差随着时间的增长逐渐减少,暴晒后三种涂层的光泽度和色差相差不大,但三种涂层检测的电化学阻抗值相差很大,且C1涂层阻抗值明显大于C2和C3涂层。结论 C1涂层体系相较于C2和C3两种涂层体系有更高的耐腐蚀性能。     

不同水稻品种籽粒Cd、Cu和Se的含量差异及其人类膳食摄取风险

采用田间试验法,研究了江苏省57个水稻品种籽粒对太湖地区乌栅土中Cd、Cu、Se的吸收积累.结果表明水稻籽粒的Cd、Cu、Se含量的变化范围分别为0.099±0.039、4.86±2.595、0.035±0.007mg/kg,指示不同水稻品种对同一土壤中Cd、Cu、Se的吸收及其在籽粒中的积累存在有显著的差异.不同品种籽粒对Cu和Cd的吸收积累有同步的趋势,而高Se品种显示出抑制重金属Cu和Cd积累的倾向.不同品种籽粒中重金属含量的差异可能影响到人类重金属食物摄取的健康风险,57个品种中92%的样品的Cd含量超出USEPA推荐的人类摄取的籽粒临界含量.因此,在土壤重金属污染地区,必须密切注意高Cd、Cu吸收积累品种的大规模栽培.而筛选高Se低Cu、Cd的水稻品种进行品质育种是可能的.     

中国城市生活垃圾产生量的区域差异-基于STIRPAT模型

基于2006~2017年的中国省级面板数据,本文以STIRPAT理论模型为基础,建立固定效应模型,分别从全国和区域两个层面深入探究人口、富裕程度和技术对城市生活垃圾产生量的区域差异.研究结果表明：（1）近年来,生活垃圾产生量快速增长,同时存在显著的区域差异;（2）从人口因素看,在全国层面上城镇化水平、人口规模、家庭规模和人口老龄化的弹性系数分别是1.152、0.585、-0.478、-0.230,对生活垃圾产生量的影响程度依次减小.在东部地区,城镇化水平提升、人口规模增多和家庭规模小型化促进生活垃圾的产生,人口老龄化增加减少生活垃圾的产生.在中西部地区,城镇化的正效应和人口老龄化的负效应明显强于东部地区,人口规模的正效应和家庭规模的正效应明显弱于东部地区;（3）从经济发展看,在全国层面上居民人均消费支出与生活垃圾产生量呈现倒N型关系.在东部地区,居民人均消费支出和人均GDP的提升促进生活垃圾的产生;（4）从技术水平看,生活能源消耗强度和市容环境卫生费用的弹性系数分别为0.120、-0.0168,区域差异不明显.     

石油炼制行业新旧污染物排放标准的差异

分别介绍了旧标准GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》、GB 16297—1996《大气污染物综合排放标准》和新标准GB 31570—2015《石油炼制工业污染物排放标准》的核心内容。从适用范围、排放限值和污染控制因子3个方面分析了石油炼制行业新旧污染物排放标准的差异。     

小流域地下水与地表水微生物组成结构差异及其成因分析

对中山大学滨海水循环综合试验基地的河道水和地下水进行采样,运用16S rRNA基因分析方法,研究微生物的群落组成、结构,同时,通过Mothur软件分析不同采样点的系统发育多样性和文库稀释曲线.结果表明,上下游河道水和地下水均以变形菌(Proteobacteria),厚壁菌(Firmicutes),古菌(Archaea)为优势种群,变形菌在上游堰、下游堰、R1、R2、R3分别占各自总数的29.7%、30.3%、28.1%、20.9%、14.2%;厚壁菌在上游堰、下游堰、R1、R2、R3分别占各自总数的9.7%、20.3%、19.8%、8.6%、39.6%;古菌(不可培养的泉古菌和广古菌)在上游堰、下游堰、R1、R2、R3分别占各自总数的14.2%、12.3%、11.7%、12.1%、3.5%.表明地下水、地表水微生物组成结构有一定的趋同性.另一方面,酸杆菌(Acidobacteria)、硝化螺旋菌(Nitrospira)、拟杆菌(Bacteroidetes) 和Candidate division OPx等在不同采样点的丰度各异,不同埋藏条件下的地下水和地表水多样性指数与稀释曲线有所不同,揭示小流域的微生物组成、结构具有空间差异.研究显示,受周围水文地质条件、补给差异等影响,微生物种群随之演化,微生物特征与水文地质、化学离子密切相关.