Estimation of thermodynamic parameters of the biosphere, based on remote sensing

A method that allows the estimation of the thermodynamic parameters of the biosphere has been developed. It results in the subdivision of the following four phase states of the biosphere: three equilibrium states: “white planet” with high albedo and low entropy; temperate forest in winter with high entropy; and desert with high entropy; and one nonequilibrium state: the “active forests” with low entropy, high information gain and the highest exergy values. The phase shift to a nonequilibrium state happens when albedo is less than 0.2.     

Dissipation of Endosulfan and Dichlorvos Residues In/On Cauliflower Curds

Dissipation behaviour of endosulfan and dichlorvos in/on cauliflower, variety Snowball-16, was studied during rabi season (Sep.–March) 2003–2004. Endosulfan and dichlorvos were sprayed @ 350 and 110g a.i. with 115 g a.i., respectively, 80 days after transplanting. Samples were taken at the interval of 0 (1h after spray), 3, 5, 7, and 10 days after spray (DAS) in triplicate and residues were estimated on GC-ECD system equipped with capillary column. The initial deposits of 3.452 and 0.295μgg⁻¹ of endosulfan and dichlorvos dissipated to 0.084 (97.56%) and 0.009 (96.95%), respectively after 10 DAS. Residues of endosulfan reached below maximum residue limit of 2μgg⁻¹ one day after spray and of dichlorvos were below MRL value of 0.5μgg⁻¹ even on 0 day. Dissipation pattern followed first order kinetics for both the insecticides with half life periods of 1.81 and 2.08 days for endosulfan and dichlorvos, respectively.     

隧道火灾拱顶附近烟气最高温度的研究

为了研究顶部开口的城市隧道在采用自然通风模式下的火灾特性,在已建成的隧道中设计并实施了全尺寸火灾试验,得到了隧道火灾自然通风模式下的拱顶附近烟气最高温度纵向变化数据。通过实验数据与理论预测结果对比的方法验证了H.Kurioka等人建立的隧道火羽流模型及其计算公式的可靠性,为市政公路隧道建设提供了科学依据,为隧道火灾的研究及其消防工作提供理论指导和有益借鉴。     

战斗部飞行可靠性评估方法研究

目的 解决高可靠、小子样战斗部飞行可靠性评估时样本量不满足标准要求的问题。方法 通过对战斗部结构功能分析,建立包含壳体强度、主装药安定性及主装药正常起爆等单元的可靠性框图,并利用L-M法对战斗部系统进行可靠性评估。首先利用基准设计许用值的安全系数法将应力强度干涉模型与安全系数进行结合,对壳体强度可靠性进行评估;然后结合战斗部试验数据,利用最大熵试验法,在小样本下评估战斗部主装药安定性及正常起爆的可靠性;最后,将各单元的可靠性数据转化为成败型数据进行分析,利用L-M法,结合战斗部整机试验数据,开展战斗部飞行可靠度评估。结果 分别计算了小子样下战斗部壳体和装药安定性及正常起爆的可靠度,并将其转换为等效成功数和等效失败数,结合战斗部试验打靶等可靠性信息,综合评估了战斗部飞行可靠度。结论 充分利用战斗部在研制阶段的试验信息进行评估,减少了样本量,解决了战斗部可靠性高、样本量小的评估难题。     

VALIDATION OF THE SWAT MODEL ON A LARGE RWER BASIN WITH POINT AND NONPOINT SOURCES1

ABSTRACT: The State of Texas has initiated the development of a Total Maximum Daily Load program in the Bosque River Watershed, where point and nonpoint sources of pollution are a concern. Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was validated for flow, sediment, and nutrients in the watershed to evaluate alternative management scenarios and estimate their effects in controlling pollution. This paper discusses the calibration and validation at two locations, Hico and Valley Mills, along the North Bosque River. Calibration for flow was performed from 1960 through 1998. Sediment and nutrient calibration was done from 1993 through 1997 at Hico and from 1996 through 1997 at Valley Mills. Model validation was performed for 1998. Time series plots and statistical measures were used to verify model predictions. Predicted values generally matched well with the observed values during calibration and validation (R²≥ 0.6 and Nash‐Suttcliffe Efficiency ≥ 0.5, in most instances) except for some underprediction of nitrogen during calibration at both locations and sediment and organic nutrients during validation at Valley Mills. This study showed that SWAT was able to predict flow, sediment, and nutrients successfully and can be used to study the effects of alternative management scenarios.     

企业资源管理拓展问题评述

企业资源管理问题是关系到提升企业核心价值和保持企业持续竞争优势的重要问题，企业资源管理的拓展是企业管理理论和实践的共同需要。在文献综述的基础上，从企业广义资源环境划分、企业资源管理范畴拓展、企业资源形式和属性等几个不同角度，对企业资源管理拓展问题进行了讨论和分析。     

ENHANCING FECAL COLIFORM TOTAL MAXIMUM DAILY LOAD MODELS THROUGH BACTERIAL SOURCE TRACKING1

ABSTRACT: Surface water impairment by fecal coliform bacteria is a water quality issue of national scope and importance. In Virginia, more than 400 stream and river segments are on the Commonwealth's 2002 303(d) list because of fecal coliform impairment. Total maximum daily loads (TMDLs) will be developed for most of these listed streams and rivers. Information regarding the major fecal coliform sources that impair surface water quality would enhance the development of effective watershed models and improve TMDLs. Bacterial source tracking (BST) is a recently developed technology for identifying the sources of fecal coliform bacteria and it may be helpful in generating improved TMDLs. Bacterial source tracking was performed, watershed models were developed, and TMDLs were prepared for three streams (Accotink Creek, Christians Creek, and Blacks Run) on Virginia's 303(d) list of impaired waters. Quality assurance of the BST work suggests that these data adequately describe the bacteria sources that are impairing these streams. Initial comparison of simulated bacterial sources with the observed BST data indicated that the fecal coliform sources were represented inaccurately in the initial model simulation. Revised model simulations (based on BST data) appeared to provide a better representation of the sources of fecal coliform bacteria in these three streams. The coupled approach of incorporating BST data into the fecal coliform transport model appears to reduce model uncertainty and should result in an improved TMDL.     

MODELING FECAL COLIFORM CONTAMINATION IN THE RIO GRANDE1

This study examines sources of fecal coliform in Segment 2302 of the Rio Grande, located south of the International Falcon Reservoir in southern Texas. The watershed is unique because the contributing drainage areas lie in Texas and Mexico. Additionally, the watershed is mostly rural, with populated communities known as “colonias.” The colonias lack sewered systems and discharge sanitary water directly to the ground surface, thus posing an increased health hazard from coliform bacteria. Monitoring data confirm that Segment 2302 is not safe for contact recreation due to elevated fecal coliform levels. The goal of the study was to simulate the observed exceedences in Segment 2302 and evaluate potential strategies for their elimination. Fecal coliform contributions from ranching and colonia discharges were modeled using the Hydrologic Simulation Program‐Fortran (HSPF). Model results indicated that the regulatory 30‐day geometric mean fecal coliform concentration of 200 colony forming units (cfu) per 100 milliliters is exceeded approximately three times per year for a total of 30 days. Ongoing initiatives to improve wastewater facilities will reduce this to approximately once per year for 14 days. Best management practices will be necessary to reduce cattle access to streams and eliminate all exceedences. The developed model was limited by the relatively sparse flow and fecal coliform data.     

基于水资源合理配置的河流“双总量”控制研究——以河北省唐山市为例

河道的最小控制流量和最大纳污控制量（简称“双总量”）是维系河流健康的决定性因子。论文初步建立了基于水资源合理配置的河流“双总量”控制研究技术框架,并对唐山市月尺度的“双总量”控制指标进行核算。通过水资源合理配置,除个别枯水年份和连续枯水年份外,唐山市河道的最小控制流量均可得到满足。在基准年、2010年和2020年3个规划水平年,唐山市规划河流COD的最大纳污控制量分别为16357．57、12659．19和11572．50t／a;NH3-N的最大纳污控制量分别为907．80、660．27和580．09t／a。在统一水资源配置平台上制定的“双总量”控制指标,从根本上保障了竞争用水条件下河流生态需水,客观确立了规划水平年河道纳污能力的年内分配,并整体上提高了河流的最大纳污能力。     

最大剪切模量对土动力参数及地震反应的影响

最大剪切模量是影响土的动剪切模量比、阻尼比和土层地震反应的最重要参数之一。通常采用室内应变法来确定最大剪切模量，给出土的动剪切模量比和阻尼比，而采用现场剪切波速法求得的结果则很少见。研究了剪切波速法和应变法所确定的最大剪切模量对土动剪切模量比、阻尼比和土层地震反应的影响，推导了两种方法所确定的动剪切模量比和阻尼比之间的关系式。结果表明：最大动剪切模量对土的动剪切模量比、阻尼比和土层地震反应的影响很显著。